Transitivity Analysis of Election Coverage in Online Newspapers of Malaysia & Pakistan: A Study with Critical Discourse Analysis & Systematic Functional Linguistics’ Perspective
Keywords:
Online Newspapers, News Institutions, Hard News, Election Coverage by Online Newspapers, Malaysian and Pakistani Online Newspapers, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Transitivity Analysis
Abstract
The language of the newspaper is emerged by beliefs, speech and writing practices (Joseph, 2006). To analyze the hidden meaning behind the newspapers’ text of election span 2018 in Malaysia and Pakistan, Norman Fairclough (1995) theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is applied on news reports of ‘Malaysiakini’, ‘The New Straits Times’ (independent and mainstream online newspapers from Malaysia), ‘Dawn’ and ‘The News’ (as independent and mainstream online newspapers from Pakistan). The selected dates for analysis of news reports are 2nd May 2018 to 15th May 2018 in Malaysia, whereas; in Pakistan are 18th July 2018 till 31st July 2018, two weeks each respectively. The twenty-five (25) news reports are selected based on social actors on issue ‘corruption’. The social actors are ‘Dr. Mahathir Mohamad’ and ‘Najib Razak’ from Malaysia, whereas; in Pakistan are ‘Imran Khan’ and ‘Nawaz Sharif’, who are analyzed on the social semiotic framework of van Leeuwen (2005). The data is analyzed through Transitivity Analysis from Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday, which is based on the edited work of Matthiessen (2014). Independent online newspapers of both countries have shown liberal and fair representation to all social actors, in contrast; mainstream newspapers’ linguistic choices are more inclined towards ruling private political interests.
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References
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Nadadur, R. D. (2007). Self-censorship in the Pakistani print media. South Asian Survey, 14(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105
Orpin, D. (2005) ‘Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Examining the ideology of sleaze’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), pp. 37–61. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp.
Page, B. (1996). The Mass Media as Political Actors. Political Science & Politics, 29(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/137.111.13.162
Postill, J. (2014). A Critical History of Internet Activism and Social Protest in Malaysia, 1998-2011*. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 1(1–2), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340006
Ramanathan, R. and Hoon, T. (2015) ‘Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Media Discourse Studies’, 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language …, 21(2), pp. 57–68.
Rizwan, S. (2019) ‘Legitimation strategies and theistic worldview in sociopolitical discourse: A systemic functional critical discourse analysis of Pakistani social media discussions’, Text & Talk an Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 39(2), pp. 235–260. doi: 10.1515/text-2019-2026.
Stromback, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319097
Tan, T. et al. (2019) ‘Star online (newspaper) NST no longer friendly with us, laments Najib’, Star online, July. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/nst-no-longer-friendly-with-us-laments-najib/.
Thompson, G. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics- Acting the part Lexico-grammatical choices and contextual factors. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). s Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=623206. Created
Thomson, E. A., White, P. R. R., & Kitley, P. (2008). Objectivity” and “hard news” reporting across cultures: Comparing the news report in english, french, japanese and indonesian journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701848261
Van Dijk, T. A. (1991) Racism and the press. First. Edited by R. Miles. London and New York: Routledge. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90021-3.
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Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (M. Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Ed.), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (First, Vol. 209). SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU.
Wodak, R. (2006). Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059566
Zafar, A. (2014). Media & Elections: General Election Campaign (2013) in Pakistan and The Role of Media, (February). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4227.4242
Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). The Role of the Pakistani Mass Media in the Lawyers’ Resistance against the Musharraf Dictatorship, 2007- By Zahid Shahab Ahmed. Pakistaniaat, 4(3), 61–77.
Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. (2012) ‘“Value added”: Language, image and news values’, Discourse, Context and Media. Elsevier, 1(2–3), pp. 103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.006.
Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media (First, Vol. 15). Basil Blackwell Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/416501
Bruce, I. (2011). Genres on the Web, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9
Chandler, D. (1997). An Introduction to Genre Theory. The Media and Communications Studies Site, (August), 1–15. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/HCDE510-Fall2012/Chandler_genre_theoryDFAnn.pdf
Daldal, A. (2014). Power and Ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A Comparative. American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2(2), 149–167. Retrieved from http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/8.pdf
Davari, S., & Moini, R. M. (2016). The Representation of Social Actors in Top Notch Textbook Series: A critical discourse analysis perspective. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4(13). Retrieved from http://jfl.iaun.ac.ir/article_14880_0.html%0A
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. Journal for the Study of English Linguistics (Second). Continuum International Publishing group, London. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/Suzanne Eggins - An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (2005, Continuum).pdf-downloaded library genesis
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. (First). New York: Longman Group Limited, America.
Foss, S. K., & Gill, A. (2009). Michel foucault’s theory of rhetoric as epistemic. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 51(4), 384–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318709374280
Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge. Fifth. Edited by C. Gordon. The Harvester Press, USA.
Fowler, R. et al. (1979) Language and Control. First. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1979.
Graber, B. D. a, & Smith, J. M. (2005). Political communication Faces 21st Century. Journal of Communication, 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02682.x
Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics-The Notion of “Context” in Language Education. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014) Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth. Edited by C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. Great Britain: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203431269.
Hasan, R. (2005). Pedagogy and Shaping Conscious (E): Linguistic and Social Processes- Ch#1-Society, language and the mind: the meta-dialogism of Basil Bernstein’ s theory. (F. Christie, Ed.) (Second). Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
Hjarvard, S. and Kristensen, N. N. (2014) ‘When media of a small nation argue for war’, Media, War and Conflict, 7(1), pp. 51–69. doi: 10.1177/1750635213516560.
Ho K.C, Kluver, R., Yang, K. C. C., & Paso, E. (2003). Asia.com. (M. Seldon, Ed.). RoutledgeCurzon, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.
Hutchinson, F. E. (2018) ‘Malaysia’s 14 General Elections: Drivers and agents of change’, Asian Affairs. Taylor & Francis, 0(0), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/03068374.2018.1521126.
Infoasaid (2012) Pakistan Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide.
Janks, H. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/0159630970180302
Joseph, J. E. (2006) Language and Politics, The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Edited by K. Davies, Alan & Mitchell. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain. doi: 10.1002/9780470757000.ch14.
Lee, F. L. F., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2006). Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong. Discourse and Society, 17(3), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371
Lewis, S. C. and Westlund, O. (2015) ‘Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross- Media News Work’, Digital Journalism, 3(1), pp. 37–41. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.927986.
Lumsden, L. J. (2013). How Independent? an Analysis of Ge13 Coverage By Malaysia’ S Online News Portal Coverage Sejauh Mana Kebebasan? Satu Analisis Liputan Pru13 Oleh Portal Berita Atas Talian. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 29(2), 1–30. Retrieved from http://ejournals.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/15020
Mezzera, M. and Sial, S. (2010) ‘Media and Governance in Pakistan: A controversial yet essential relationship’, Initiative for Peacebuilding.
Nadadur, R. D. (2007). Self-censorship in the Pakistani print media. South Asian Survey, 14(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105
Orpin, D. (2005) ‘Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Examining the ideology of sleaze’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), pp. 37–61. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp.
Page, B. (1996). The Mass Media as Political Actors. Political Science & Politics, 29(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/137.111.13.162
Postill, J. (2014). A Critical History of Internet Activism and Social Protest in Malaysia, 1998-2011*. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 1(1–2), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340006
Ramanathan, R. and Hoon, T. (2015) ‘Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Media Discourse Studies’, 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language …, 21(2), pp. 57–68.
Rizwan, S. (2019) ‘Legitimation strategies and theistic worldview in sociopolitical discourse: A systemic functional critical discourse analysis of Pakistani social media discussions’, Text & Talk an Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 39(2), pp. 235–260. doi: 10.1515/text-2019-2026.
Stromback, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319097
Tan, T. et al. (2019) ‘Star online (newspaper) NST no longer friendly with us, laments Najib’, Star online, July. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/nst-no-longer-friendly-with-us-laments-najib/.
Thompson, G. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics- Acting the part Lexico-grammatical choices and contextual factors. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). s Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=623206. Created
Thomson, E. A., White, P. R. R., & Kitley, P. (2008). Objectivity” and “hard news” reporting across cultures: Comparing the news report in english, french, japanese and indonesian journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701848261
Van Dijk, T. A. (1991) Racism and the press. First. Edited by R. Miles. London and New York: Routledge. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90021-3.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2005) Introducing Social Semiotics. First. USA & Canada: Routledge. Available at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/3739/.
Ward, D. (2004). The Media and Elections: A Handbook and Comparative Study. (D. & L. B.-P. Ward, Ed.). Great Britain: Routledge & Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersy, 07430. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=234217. Created
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (M. Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Ed.), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (First, Vol. 209). SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU.
Wodak, R. (2006). Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059566
Zafar, A. (2014). Media & Elections: General Election Campaign (2013) in Pakistan and The Role of Media, (February). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4227.4242
Published
2019-08-31
How to Cite
Asad, S., Mohd Noor, S. N., & Jaes, L. (2019). Transitivity Analysis of Election Coverage in Online Newspapers of Malaysia & Pakistan: A Study with Critical Discourse Analysis & Systematic Functional Linguistics’ Perspective. Amazonia Investiga, 8(21), 168-176. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/85
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