Thematic analysis of creative tourism: Conceptual model design
Keywords:
Creative tourism, creative landscape, creative tourism ecosystem, creative industries, creative class
Abstract
The fundamental changes in tourism supply and demand, as well as the creation of experiences and the paradigms of the economy based on the knowledge of macroeconomic development, have led tourism to creativity, which is why experts believe that the sustainability of tourism depends of creative tourism. Using the exploratory-fundamental research method and the thematic analysis of the Maxqda software, this research explained the concept and the different dimensions of creative tourism in a new model, and received the consensus of the experts on the opinion of the model using the Delphi technique of Two steps. This four-room model, which represents the intersection of ranges based on supply and demand and destination activity, introduces ecosystem concepts of creative tourism, creative landscape, creative industries and creative class (tourist) that can describe various dimensions of the creative tourism. This model not only covers concepts such as creative class, creative city) and creative industries, which have become widespread since 1998, but also uses two new concepts of business ecosystem and creative landscape, and can explain different approaches to creative tourism.
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References
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Babaei-Hemmati, Roshan; Mousavi, Narjes, (2014) creative tourism; Qom: Javanae Movafhagh, First edition.
Bardone Ester, Rattus Kristel & Liisi Jääts (2013) Creative Co-modification of rural life from a performance perspective: A study of two southeast Estonian farm tourism enterprises, Journal of Baltic Studies, 44:2, 205-227.
Barre Suzanne de la. (2012) Creativity in Peripheral Places: Redefining the Creative Industries, Tourism Planning & Development, 9:4, 441-443.
Booyens, Irma & Rogerson Christian M., (2015) Creative Tourism in Cape Town: An Innovation Perspective, Urban Forum, DOI 10.1007/s12132-015-9251-y, School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Braun, V. & V. Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3. No. 2, pp. 77-101.
Campbell, P. (2011) You say ‘creative’, and I say ‘creative’, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3:1, 18-30.
Catalani, A. (2013) Integrating Western and non-Western cultural expressions to further cultural and creative tourism: a case study, World Leisure Journal, 55:3, 252-263.
Cloke, P. and Perkins, H. (2005) Cetacean Performance and Tourism in Kaikoura New Zealand‟, Environment and Planning D. Society and Space, 23,903-24.
DCMS. 1998, Creative industries mapping document. London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Faizan Ali, Kisang Ryu & Kashif Hussain., (2015) Influence of Experiences on Memories, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: A Study of Creative Tourism, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, volume33,2016-Issue1
Fernandez, C. (2012) Cultural planning and creative tourism in an emerging tourist destination, International Journal of Management Cases, Sep 2012, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p629
Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York: Basic Books.
Franklin, A. (2003) Tourism. An Introduction, London: Sage
Gretzel, U., Hannes, W., Chulmo, K. (2015) Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems, Computers in Human Behavior 50 .558–563.
Hajinorouzi, Fattaneh; Jamal-Azarieh, Mohammad-Ali; Mahouti, Nastaran, (2013) Study on potential and capacity of developing creative tourism and city using SWOT Technique; Case Study: Tabriz City (Tarbiat Street), National Conference on modern theories of architecture and urbanism, pp.1-14.
Hung Wei-Li, Lee Yi-Ju & Po-Hsuan Huang (2014) Creative experiences, memorability and revisit intention in creative tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, pp.763-770
Jarábková Jana – Hamada Marián, (2011) Creativity and Rural Tourism, Creative and Knowledge Society/International Scientific Journal 10.2478/v10212-011-0022-4
Juzefovič, A. (2015) Creative tourism: the issues of philosophy, sociology and communication, Creativity Studies, 8:2, 73-74.
King, B. (2014) Creative Tourism and Cultural Development: Some Trends and Observations, Lord cultural Resources
Korez-Vide, R. (2013) PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM BY CREATIVE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: HOW FAR IS SLOVENIA?, Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1
Kostopoulou, S. (2013) On the Revitalized Waterfront: Creative Milieu for Creative Tourism, Sustainability, 5, 4578-4593; ISSN 2071-1050
Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. London: Earthscan.
Lan-Lan Chang, Backman Kenneth F., Yu Chih Huang,(2014), "Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention", International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 8, Iss. 4, pp. 401-419.
Lee Anne H.J., Geoffrey Wall, Jason F. Kovacs, 2015, Creative food clusters and rural development through place branding: Culinary tourism initiatives in Stratford and Muskoka, Ontario, Canada, Contents lists available at Science Direct Journal of Rural Studies, 39(2015), 133-144
Lee Jongwon, Lee Heeseok, (2015) Deriving Strategic Priority of Policies for Creative Tourism Industry in Korea using AHP, Information Technology and Quantitative Management (ITQM 2015).
Lindroth Kaija, Ritalahti Jarmo, Tuovi Soisalon-Soininen, (2007) "Creative tourism in destination development", Tourism Review, Vol. 62. Iss. 3/4, pp. 53-58.
Ludwig, L. and S. Starr., (2005) "Library as place: results of a Delphi study." Journal of the Medical Library Association 93(3): 315-327
Mansouri, S. (2014) Tourism as a wisdom system, scientific-promotional landscape, No. 29, pp.29-33
Montgomery, J. (2005) Dublin, Sheffield, Manchester and Adelaide: Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration”, in charlesworth, E. (ed.) City Edge: case studies in contemporary Urbunism (Londen: Architectural Press,2005.
Nelson, V. (2015) Place reputation: representing Houston, Texas as a creative destination through culinary culture, Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 17: 2, 192-207.
OECD LEED Forum on partnerships and local development, 2015, Reinventing Costa del Sol Through Creative Tourism.
Ohridska-Olson Rossitza and Ivanov Stanislav, 2010, Creative Tourism Business Model And Its Application In bulgaria, cultural Realms, International University College
Pappalepore Ilaria, Maitland Robert, Smith Andrew, 2014, Presuming creative urban areas. Evidence from East London, Annals of Tourism, Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.11.001
Pera, R. (2014) Empowering the new traveler: Storytelling as a co-creative behavior in tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, Pages 331-338
Pine, J., & Gilmore, J., 1999, The experience economy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Rabazauskaitė, V. (2015) Revitalisation of public spaces in the context of creative tourism, Creativity Studies, 8:2, 124-133,
Rahimi, Neda; Ziyari, Keramatollah, 2014, Prioritization of dimensions of traditional music of Tabriz and its impact on attraction of creative tourism; the third International Conference and Sixth National Conference on Tourism, Geography, sustainable environment, pp.1-12.
Richards Greg, 2014, Creativity and tourism in the city, Current Issues in Tourism,17:2, 119-144,
Richards Greg and Marques Lénia,2012, Exploring Creative Tourism: Editors Introduction, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice Volume 4 No.2
Richards, G, (2011) Creativity and Tourism The State of the Art, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1225–1253 Richards Greg, Wilson Julie, 2008, Changing-experiences-The-development-of-creative-tourism, Categories All Books From cult tou to creative tou-. The development of creative tourism, Arnhem: ATLAS 74 pp. ISBN 978-90-75775-33-4 Richards Greg, Wilson Julie,2006, Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?, Tourism Management Vol.: 27, No. 6, pp. 1209–1223
Richards, G. and Raymond, C., 2000, Creative Tourism. In Atlas News no. 23. pp. 16-20. ISSN 1388-3607
Richards, G. (2012) Food and the tourism experience: major findings and policy orientations. In Dodd, D. (ed.) Food and the Tourism Experience. OECD, Paris, pp.13-46.
Richards, Greg and Wilson, Julie, 2007, Tourism, Creativity and Development. London, New York: Routledge.
Sacco, P. L. (2011) Culture 3.0: A new perspective for the EU 2014–2020 structural funds programming. Paper for the OMC Working Group on Cultural and Creative Industries
Sasaki, M. (2010) Urban regeneration through cultural creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study. Cities 27 (2010)53-59
Steiner, C. J., Y. Reisinger, 2006, Understanding existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research 33(2), pp. 299–318
Strauss, Anselm, and Corbin, Juliet, 2005, translated by Biouk Mohammadi, principles of qualitative research: grounded theory.
Taghizadeh-Ansari, Hassan; Creative tourism: Third generation of tourism, Lean Entrepreneur N.37, p21.
Tan Siow-Kian, Kung Shiann-Far, Luh Ding-Bang, (2012), A MODEL OF ‘CREATIVE EXPERIENCE’ IN CREATIVE TOURISM, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. xx, No. xx, pp. 153–174
Tan Siow-Kian, Luh Ding-Bang, Kung Shiann-Far, (2014), A taxonomy of creative tourists in creative tourism, Tourism Management journal
Tan Siow-Kian, Tan Siow-Hooi, Luh Ding-Bang & Kung Shiann-Far, 2015, Understanding tourist perspectives in creative tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, Pages 981-987
Teresa, M. F. (2010) More than sun, beach and heritage: innovating Mediterranean tourism through creative tourism. Interactions, co-operation, competitiveness and economic development, Prof. of Applied Economics Institution: Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Department: Economía Aplicada
Thimm, T. (2014) The Flamenco Factor in Destination Marketing: Interdependencies of Creative Industries and Tourism —the Case of Seville, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31:5, 576-588
UNCTAD, 2008, Creative Economy Report. Available at: http://unctad.org/fr/Docs/ditc20082cer_en.pdf
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2006, Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism, Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. October 25-27, 2006
Van der Duim, V.R. (2007), ‘Tourism and innovation: an actor-network approach’, in G. Richards and J. Wilson, (eds) Changing structures of collaboration in cultural tourism, Arnhem: ATLAS pp.11-26
Voss, C. (2004) Trends in the experience and Service Economy: The Experience Profit Cycle, London School of Economics.
Wattanacharoensil Walanchalee & Malinvisa Sakdiyakorn, 2015, The Potential of Floating Markets for Creative Tourism: A Study in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research
Yozcu Özen Kırant, İçöz Orhan., (2010) A Model Proposal on the Use of Creative Tourism Experiences in Congress Tourism and the Congress Marketing Mix, Vol. 8(3) Special Issue págs. 105-113. 2010.1225–1253
Babaei-Hemmati, Roshan; Abbasi, Bijan, (2011) Creative tourism entrepreneurship in Rasht city, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Management, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, pp.1368-1380.
Babaei-Hemmati, Roshan; Mousavi, Narjes, (2014) creative tourism; Qom: Javanae Movafhagh, First edition.
Bardone Ester, Rattus Kristel & Liisi Jääts (2013) Creative Co-modification of rural life from a performance perspective: A study of two southeast Estonian farm tourism enterprises, Journal of Baltic Studies, 44:2, 205-227.
Barre Suzanne de la. (2012) Creativity in Peripheral Places: Redefining the Creative Industries, Tourism Planning & Development, 9:4, 441-443.
Booyens, Irma & Rogerson Christian M., (2015) Creative Tourism in Cape Town: An Innovation Perspective, Urban Forum, DOI 10.1007/s12132-015-9251-y, School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development, Thousand Oaks, CA: sage.
Braun, V. & V. Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3. No. 2, pp. 77-101.
Campbell, P. (2011) You say ‘creative’, and I say ‘creative’, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3:1, 18-30.
Catalani, A. (2013) Integrating Western and non-Western cultural expressions to further cultural and creative tourism: a case study, World Leisure Journal, 55:3, 252-263.
Cloke, P. and Perkins, H. (2005) Cetacean Performance and Tourism in Kaikoura New Zealand‟, Environment and Planning D. Society and Space, 23,903-24.
DCMS. 1998, Creative industries mapping document. London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Faizan Ali, Kisang Ryu & Kashif Hussain., (2015) Influence of Experiences on Memories, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: A Study of Creative Tourism, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, volume33,2016-Issue1
Fernandez, C. (2012) Cultural planning and creative tourism in an emerging tourist destination, International Journal of Management Cases, Sep 2012, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p629
Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York: Basic Books.
Franklin, A. (2003) Tourism. An Introduction, London: Sage
Gretzel, U., Hannes, W., Chulmo, K. (2015) Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems, Computers in Human Behavior 50 .558–563.
Hajinorouzi, Fattaneh; Jamal-Azarieh, Mohammad-Ali; Mahouti, Nastaran, (2013) Study on potential and capacity of developing creative tourism and city using SWOT Technique; Case Study: Tabriz City (Tarbiat Street), National Conference on modern theories of architecture and urbanism, pp.1-14.
Hung Wei-Li, Lee Yi-Ju & Po-Hsuan Huang (2014) Creative experiences, memorability and revisit intention in creative tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, pp.763-770
Jarábková Jana – Hamada Marián, (2011) Creativity and Rural Tourism, Creative and Knowledge Society/International Scientific Journal 10.2478/v10212-011-0022-4
Juzefovič, A. (2015) Creative tourism: the issues of philosophy, sociology and communication, Creativity Studies, 8:2, 73-74.
King, B. (2014) Creative Tourism and Cultural Development: Some Trends and Observations, Lord cultural Resources
Korez-Vide, R. (2013) PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM BY CREATIVE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: HOW FAR IS SLOVENIA?, Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1
Kostopoulou, S. (2013) On the Revitalized Waterfront: Creative Milieu for Creative Tourism, Sustainability, 5, 4578-4593; ISSN 2071-1050
Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. London: Earthscan.
Lan-Lan Chang, Backman Kenneth F., Yu Chih Huang,(2014), "Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention", International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 8, Iss. 4, pp. 401-419.
Lee Anne H.J., Geoffrey Wall, Jason F. Kovacs, 2015, Creative food clusters and rural development through place branding: Culinary tourism initiatives in Stratford and Muskoka, Ontario, Canada, Contents lists available at Science Direct Journal of Rural Studies, 39(2015), 133-144
Lee Jongwon, Lee Heeseok, (2015) Deriving Strategic Priority of Policies for Creative Tourism Industry in Korea using AHP, Information Technology and Quantitative Management (ITQM 2015).
Lindroth Kaija, Ritalahti Jarmo, Tuovi Soisalon-Soininen, (2007) "Creative tourism in destination development", Tourism Review, Vol. 62. Iss. 3/4, pp. 53-58.
Ludwig, L. and S. Starr., (2005) "Library as place: results of a Delphi study." Journal of the Medical Library Association 93(3): 315-327
Mansouri, S. (2014) Tourism as a wisdom system, scientific-promotional landscape, No. 29, pp.29-33
Montgomery, J. (2005) Dublin, Sheffield, Manchester and Adelaide: Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration”, in charlesworth, E. (ed.) City Edge: case studies in contemporary Urbunism (Londen: Architectural Press,2005.
Nelson, V. (2015) Place reputation: representing Houston, Texas as a creative destination through culinary culture, Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 17: 2, 192-207.
OECD LEED Forum on partnerships and local development, 2015, Reinventing Costa del Sol Through Creative Tourism.
Ohridska-Olson Rossitza and Ivanov Stanislav, 2010, Creative Tourism Business Model And Its Application In bulgaria, cultural Realms, International University College
Pappalepore Ilaria, Maitland Robert, Smith Andrew, 2014, Presuming creative urban areas. Evidence from East London, Annals of Tourism, Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.11.001
Pera, R. (2014) Empowering the new traveler: Storytelling as a co-creative behavior in tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, Pages 331-338
Pine, J., & Gilmore, J., 1999, The experience economy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Rabazauskaitė, V. (2015) Revitalisation of public spaces in the context of creative tourism, Creativity Studies, 8:2, 124-133,
Rahimi, Neda; Ziyari, Keramatollah, 2014, Prioritization of dimensions of traditional music of Tabriz and its impact on attraction of creative tourism; the third International Conference and Sixth National Conference on Tourism, Geography, sustainable environment, pp.1-12.
Richards Greg, 2014, Creativity and tourism in the city, Current Issues in Tourism,17:2, 119-144,
Richards Greg and Marques Lénia,2012, Exploring Creative Tourism: Editors Introduction, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice Volume 4 No.2
Richards, G, (2011) Creativity and Tourism The State of the Art, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1225–1253 Richards Greg, Wilson Julie, 2008, Changing-experiences-The-development-of-creative-tourism, Categories All Books From cult tou to creative tou-. The development of creative tourism, Arnhem: ATLAS 74 pp. ISBN 978-90-75775-33-4 Richards Greg, Wilson Julie,2006, Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?, Tourism Management Vol.: 27, No. 6, pp. 1209–1223
Richards, G. and Raymond, C., 2000, Creative Tourism. In Atlas News no. 23. pp. 16-20. ISSN 1388-3607
Richards, G. (2012) Food and the tourism experience: major findings and policy orientations. In Dodd, D. (ed.) Food and the Tourism Experience. OECD, Paris, pp.13-46.
Richards, Greg and Wilson, Julie, 2007, Tourism, Creativity and Development. London, New York: Routledge.
Sacco, P. L. (2011) Culture 3.0: A new perspective for the EU 2014–2020 structural funds programming. Paper for the OMC Working Group on Cultural and Creative Industries
Sasaki, M. (2010) Urban regeneration through cultural creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study. Cities 27 (2010)53-59
Steiner, C. J., Y. Reisinger, 2006, Understanding existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research 33(2), pp. 299–318
Strauss, Anselm, and Corbin, Juliet, 2005, translated by Biouk Mohammadi, principles of qualitative research: grounded theory.
Taghizadeh-Ansari, Hassan; Creative tourism: Third generation of tourism, Lean Entrepreneur N.37, p21.
Tan Siow-Kian, Kung Shiann-Far, Luh Ding-Bang, (2012), A MODEL OF ‘CREATIVE EXPERIENCE’ IN CREATIVE TOURISM, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. xx, No. xx, pp. 153–174
Tan Siow-Kian, Luh Ding-Bang, Kung Shiann-Far, (2014), A taxonomy of creative tourists in creative tourism, Tourism Management journal
Tan Siow-Kian, Tan Siow-Hooi, Luh Ding-Bang & Kung Shiann-Far, 2015, Understanding tourist perspectives in creative tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, Pages 981-987
Teresa, M. F. (2010) More than sun, beach and heritage: innovating Mediterranean tourism through creative tourism. Interactions, co-operation, competitiveness and economic development, Prof. of Applied Economics Institution: Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Department: Economía Aplicada
Thimm, T. (2014) The Flamenco Factor in Destination Marketing: Interdependencies of Creative Industries and Tourism —the Case of Seville, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31:5, 576-588
UNCTAD, 2008, Creative Economy Report. Available at: http://unctad.org/fr/Docs/ditc20082cer_en.pdf
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2006, Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism, Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. October 25-27, 2006
Van der Duim, V.R. (2007), ‘Tourism and innovation: an actor-network approach’, in G. Richards and J. Wilson, (eds) Changing structures of collaboration in cultural tourism, Arnhem: ATLAS pp.11-26
Voss, C. (2004) Trends in the experience and Service Economy: The Experience Profit Cycle, London School of Economics.
Wattanacharoensil Walanchalee & Malinvisa Sakdiyakorn, 2015, The Potential of Floating Markets for Creative Tourism: A Study in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research
Yozcu Özen Kırant, İçöz Orhan., (2010) A Model Proposal on the Use of Creative Tourism Experiences in Congress Tourism and the Congress Marketing Mix, Vol. 8(3) Special Issue págs. 105-113. 2010.1225–1253
Published
2018-12-27
How to Cite
Bastenegar, M., Hassani, A., & Bafruei, M. (2018). Thematic analysis of creative tourism: Conceptual model design. Amazonia Investiga, 7(17), 541-554. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/770
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