A study of causal relationship of job autonomy, social support and turnover intention
Keywords:
Boredom at Workplace, Turnover Intention, Job Autonomy, Social Support, JD-R model.
Abstract
Boredom at workplace is a negative well-being displayed by both blue and white collar employees who had lost their passion and value towards jobs under non stimulating working environment. Yet, there are limited studies in this area. Scholars had constantly associated boredom with negative working performance such as job dissatisfaction, high absenteeism, poor health condition and low organizational commitment. However, the association with turnover intention remains debatable. In Pakistan, the turnover intention among academicians of universities are in critical stage ever since year 2015. Although the Higher Education Commission Pakistan recognize the potential of private universities in supporting Pakistan to improve education in the countries, this issue remains unsolved which may jeopardize the success. Therefore, this study put forward the antecedents and consequence of boredom at workplace under a single model which includes the investigation of job autonomy, social support, and turnover intention among academicians. A quantitative study was conducted by obtaining data from 279 academicians working for 25 private universities in Lahore an Islamabad. The results showed that job autonomy was not significantly associated with turnover intention because job autonomy has no association with boredom at the first place. In contrast, social support was negatively associated with boredom which led to positive association with turnover intention. Moreover, the result confirmed the presence of boredom as mediator upon bootstrapping. It is suggested that private universities shall motivate academicians to actively participate in trainings, conferences, and seminars as the opportune time can be used to build good rapport among them.
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References
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Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Pyschology, 10(2), 170-180.
Baron, R., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bashir, S. (2011). Organizational Cynicism Development and Testing of an Integrated Model A Study of Public Sector Employees in Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University).
Brigham, K., Castro, J., & Shepherd, D. (2007). A person‐organization fit model of owner ‐ managers' cognitive style and organizational demands. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 29-51.
Buys, C., & Rothmann, S. (2010). Burnout and engagement of reformed church ministers. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 26(1), 309-328.
Choong, Y.-O., Lau, T.-C., Kuek, T.-Y., & Lee, E.-K. (2012). Job Satisfaction of Malaysian Nurses: A Causal Model. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(12), 723-729.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
Eddy, E. R., D'Abate, C. P., & Thurston Jr, P. W. (2010). Explaining engagement in personal activities on company time. Personnel Review, 39(5), 639-654.
Fisher, C. (1993). Boredom at work: A negelected concept. Human Relations, 46, 395-417.
Ganster, D. (1989). Measurement of worker control. Final report to the National Institute of Occupational.
Gozukaraa, I., & Simsek, O. F. (2015). Linking Transformational Leadership to Work Engagement and the Mediator Effect of Job Autonomy: A Study in a Turkish Private Non-Profit University . Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 963 – 971.
Grzywacs, J., & Marks, N. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126.
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Mazzetti, G., Tabanelli, M., & Bonfiglioli, R. (2013). When the job is boring: the role of boredom in organizational contexts. Work, 45(3), 311-322.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, B. B., & Schaufeli, W. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495-513.
Harju, L., Hakanen, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2014). Job Boredom and Its Correlates in 87 Finnish Organizations. JOEM, 56(9), 911-918.
Hassan, N., Mohammad, A., Mohd, F., Rozilah, A., & Ali, S. (2015). Religiosity Perceptions on Employee Turnover Intention in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 120-125.
Hofstede, G. (2017). GEERT HOFSTEDE. Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://geert-hofstede.com/malaysia.html
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsuno, K., Shimazu, A., Tomioka, K., & Nakanishi, M. (2013). Job demands, job resources, and work engagement of Japanese: employees: a prospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86(4), 441–449.
Karasek, R. A. (1985). Job content questionnaire and user’s guide. Los Angeles: University of Mass Press.
Langfred, C. W. (2004). Too much of a good thing? Negative effects of high trust and individual autonomy in self-managing teams. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 385-399.
Langfred, C. W. (2004). Too much of a good thing? Negative effects of high trust and individual autonomy in self-managing teams. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 385-399.
Leavy, R. L. (1983). Social support and psychological disorder: A review. Journal of Community Psychology, 11,, 3–21.
Lew, T.-Y. (2009). The Relationships between Perceived Organizational Support, Felt Obligation, Affective Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention of Academics working with Private Higher Educational Institutions in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 72-87.
Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., & Min, H. W. (2009). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: a test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1(6), 133-139.
Manz, C., & Sims, H. (2001). The new superleadership: leading others to lead themselves. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Marmaya, N. H., Hitam, M., Zawawi, N., & Jody, J. M. (2011). Organizational Commiment and Job Burnout among Employees in Malaysia. 2010 International Conference on Business and Economics Research, 1, 185-187.
Mikulas, W., & Vodanovich, S. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43(1), 3-12.
Mukundan, J., & Khandehroo, K. (2010). Burnout Among English Language Teachers In Malaysia. Contemporary Issues In Education Research, Volume 3, Number 1, 71-76.
Nasrudin, A. M., Ramayah, T., & Beng, Y. C. (2006). Organizational structure and organizational climate as potential predictors of job stress: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 16(2), 116 - 129.
Noor, S., & Maad, N. (2008). Examining the Relationship between Work Life Conflict, Stress and Turnover Intentions among Marketing Executives in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 93-102.
Othman, N., Ahmad, S., & Ghazali, Z. (2015). Working in the ward: The link between job resources and work engagement. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) , 171-177.
Panatik, S. A. B., Badri, S. K. Z., Rajab, A., Rahman, H. A., & Shah, I. M. (2011). The impact of work family conflict on psychological well-being among school teachers in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1500-1507.
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315-341.
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L., Stupnisky, R., & Perry, R. (2010). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control-value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 531-549.
Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C., Taris, T. W., Beek, I. v., & Ouweneel, E. (2013). Watching the paint dry at work: psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 26(5), 508-525.
Rodriguez, M., & Cohen, S. (1998). Social support. In H. Friedman, Encyclopedia of mental health (pp.535–544). New York: Academic Press.
Rothmann, S., & Jordaan, G. M. E. (2006). Job demands, job resources and work engagement of academic staff in South African higher education institutions. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 87-96.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2002). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Schaufeli, W., & Bakker, A. (2004). Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Seiger, C., & Wiese, B. (2009). Social support from work and family domain as antecedent or moderator in work family conflicts? Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 75(1), 26-37.
Shalleya, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53.
Spector, P., & Fox, S. (2010). Counterproductive work bahavior and organizational ciizenship behavior: Are they opposite forms of active behavior? Applied Psychology, 59(1), 21-39.
Teng, M., Hassan, Z., & Kasa, M. (2016). Antecedents and Outcomes of Boredom: Why We Should Know? 6th Asia Pacific Marketing and Management Conference. Kuching: UNIMAS.
Troyer, L., Mueller, C., & Osinsky, P. (2000). Who's the boss?A role-theoretic analysis of customer work. Work and Occupations, 27(3), 406-427.
Van Daalen, G., Willemsen, T., & Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing work–family conflict through different sources of social support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 462-476.
Van Wyk, S., De Beer, L., Pienaar, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2016). The psychometric properties of a workplace boredom scale (DUBS) within the South African context. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1-10.
Watt, J., & Hargis, M. (2010). Boredom proneness: its relationship with subjective underemployment, perceived organizational support and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 163-174.
Wayne, J., Randel, A., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role identity and work-family support in work-family enrichment and its work related consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 445-461.
Wayne, S., Liden, R. C., & Shore, L. M. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: a social exchange perspective. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Wu, M.-H., Chen, C.-H., Huang, Y.-A., & Cheng, J.-S. (2013). The Effects of Supervisor Support and Trait Competitiveness on Work Engagement: The Case of National Scenic Area’s Tour Guide. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 67(3), 11-14.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141.
Yin-Fah, B. C., Foon, Y. S., Chee-Leong, L., & Osman, S. (2010). An Exploratory Study on Turnover Intention among Private Sector Employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 57-64.
Zakerian, S. A., & Subramaniam, I. D. (2009). The Relationship Between Psychosocial Work Factors, Work Stress and Computer Related Musculoskeletal Discomforts Among Computer Users in Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE), 15(4), 425–434.
Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Pyschology, 10(2), 170-180.
Baron, R., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bashir, S. (2011). Organizational Cynicism Development and Testing of an Integrated Model A Study of Public Sector Employees in Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University).
Brigham, K., Castro, J., & Shepherd, D. (2007). A person‐organization fit model of owner ‐ managers' cognitive style and organizational demands. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 29-51.
Buys, C., & Rothmann, S. (2010). Burnout and engagement of reformed church ministers. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 26(1), 309-328.
Choong, Y.-O., Lau, T.-C., Kuek, T.-Y., & Lee, E.-K. (2012). Job Satisfaction of Malaysian Nurses: A Causal Model. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(12), 723-729.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
Eddy, E. R., D'Abate, C. P., & Thurston Jr, P. W. (2010). Explaining engagement in personal activities on company time. Personnel Review, 39(5), 639-654.
Fisher, C. (1993). Boredom at work: A negelected concept. Human Relations, 46, 395-417.
Ganster, D. (1989). Measurement of worker control. Final report to the National Institute of Occupational.
Gozukaraa, I., & Simsek, O. F. (2015). Linking Transformational Leadership to Work Engagement and the Mediator Effect of Job Autonomy: A Study in a Turkish Private Non-Profit University . Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 963 – 971.
Grzywacs, J., & Marks, N. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 111-126.
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Mazzetti, G., Tabanelli, M., & Bonfiglioli, R. (2013). When the job is boring: the role of boredom in organizational contexts. Work, 45(3), 311-322.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, B. B., & Schaufeli, W. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495-513.
Harju, L., Hakanen, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2014). Job Boredom and Its Correlates in 87 Finnish Organizations. JOEM, 56(9), 911-918.
Hassan, N., Mohammad, A., Mohd, F., Rozilah, A., & Ali, S. (2015). Religiosity Perceptions on Employee Turnover Intention in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 120-125.
Hofstede, G. (2017). GEERT HOFSTEDE. Retrieved April 26, 2017, from https://geert-hofstede.com/malaysia.html
Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsuno, K., Shimazu, A., Tomioka, K., & Nakanishi, M. (2013). Job demands, job resources, and work engagement of Japanese: employees: a prospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 86(4), 441–449.
Karasek, R. A. (1985). Job content questionnaire and user’s guide. Los Angeles: University of Mass Press.
Langfred, C. W. (2004). Too much of a good thing? Negative effects of high trust and individual autonomy in self-managing teams. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 385-399.
Langfred, C. W. (2004). Too much of a good thing? Negative effects of high trust and individual autonomy in self-managing teams. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 385-399.
Leavy, R. L. (1983). Social support and psychological disorder: A review. Journal of Community Psychology, 11,, 3–21.
Lew, T.-Y. (2009). The Relationships between Perceived Organizational Support, Felt Obligation, Affective Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention of Academics working with Private Higher Educational Institutions in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 72-87.
Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., & Min, H. W. (2009). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: a test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1(6), 133-139.
Manz, C., & Sims, H. (2001). The new superleadership: leading others to lead themselves. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Marmaya, N. H., Hitam, M., Zawawi, N., & Jody, J. M. (2011). Organizational Commiment and Job Burnout among Employees in Malaysia. 2010 International Conference on Business and Economics Research, 1, 185-187.
Mikulas, W., & Vodanovich, S. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43(1), 3-12.
Mukundan, J., & Khandehroo, K. (2010). Burnout Among English Language Teachers In Malaysia. Contemporary Issues In Education Research, Volume 3, Number 1, 71-76.
Nasrudin, A. M., Ramayah, T., & Beng, Y. C. (2006). Organizational structure and organizational climate as potential predictors of job stress: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 16(2), 116 - 129.
Noor, S., & Maad, N. (2008). Examining the Relationship between Work Life Conflict, Stress and Turnover Intentions among Marketing Executives in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 93-102.
Othman, N., Ahmad, S., & Ghazali, Z. (2015). Working in the ward: The link between job resources and work engagement. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) , 171-177.
Panatik, S. A. B., Badri, S. K. Z., Rajab, A., Rahman, H. A., & Shah, I. M. (2011). The impact of work family conflict on psychological well-being among school teachers in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1500-1507.
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315-341.
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L., Stupnisky, R., & Perry, R. (2010). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control-value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 531-549.
Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C., Taris, T. W., Beek, I. v., & Ouweneel, E. (2013). Watching the paint dry at work: psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 26(5), 508-525.
Rodriguez, M., & Cohen, S. (1998). Social support. In H. Friedman, Encyclopedia of mental health (pp.535–544). New York: Academic Press.
Rothmann, S., & Jordaan, G. M. E. (2006). Job demands, job resources and work engagement of academic staff in South African higher education institutions. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 87-96.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2002). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Schaufeli, W., & Bakker, A. (2004). Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Seiger, C., & Wiese, B. (2009). Social support from work and family domain as antecedent or moderator in work family conflicts? Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 75(1), 26-37.
Shalleya, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33–53.
Spector, P., & Fox, S. (2010). Counterproductive work bahavior and organizational ciizenship behavior: Are they opposite forms of active behavior? Applied Psychology, 59(1), 21-39.
Teng, M., Hassan, Z., & Kasa, M. (2016). Antecedents and Outcomes of Boredom: Why We Should Know? 6th Asia Pacific Marketing and Management Conference. Kuching: UNIMAS.
Troyer, L., Mueller, C., & Osinsky, P. (2000). Who's the boss?A role-theoretic analysis of customer work. Work and Occupations, 27(3), 406-427.
Van Daalen, G., Willemsen, T., & Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing work–family conflict through different sources of social support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 462-476.
Van Wyk, S., De Beer, L., Pienaar, J., & Schaufeli, W. (2016). The psychometric properties of a workplace boredom scale (DUBS) within the South African context. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1-10.
Watt, J., & Hargis, M. (2010). Boredom proneness: its relationship with subjective underemployment, perceived organizational support and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 163-174.
Wayne, J., Randel, A., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role identity and work-family support in work-family enrichment and its work related consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 445-461.
Wayne, S., Liden, R. C., & Shore, L. M. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: a social exchange perspective. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Wu, M.-H., Chen, C.-H., Huang, Y.-A., & Cheng, J.-S. (2013). The Effects of Supervisor Support and Trait Competitiveness on Work Engagement: The Case of National Scenic Area’s Tour Guide. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 67(3), 11-14.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141.
Yin-Fah, B. C., Foon, Y. S., Chee-Leong, L., & Osman, S. (2010). An Exploratory Study on Turnover Intention among Private Sector Employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 57-64.
Zakerian, S. A., & Subramaniam, I. D. (2009). The Relationship Between Psychosocial Work Factors, Work Stress and Computer Related Musculoskeletal Discomforts Among Computer Users in Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE), 15(4), 425–434.
Published
2018-12-27
How to Cite
Shahzad, M., ., D., Gul, R., Jamil, K., & Kumar, A. (2018). A study of causal relationship of job autonomy, social support and turnover intention. Amazonia Investiga, 7(17), 462-471. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/761
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