The influence of transformational leadership on organizational and leadership effectiveness: An empirical case study of Pakistan
Keywords:
Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Organization, Organizational Performance, Innovation, Leadership Style.
Abstract
Modern dynamic era and today’s cognizant society compels the new leaders to face real challenges for leaders around the globe; based on the strong ties of knowledge integration companies focus on nurturing innovation for survival and strive for improvements to compete and sustain in the market. However, organizations sometimes fail to achieve viable competitive advantage due to their limited understanding of the relationships amid these premeditated variables. This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance; employing organizational innovation as the mediating role. The study explores that the relationship between “transformational leadership” and “organizational performance” is convincing. “Convenience sampling techniques” are employed to gather information i.e. data is collected by using questionnaire employed to evaluate transformational leaders. Questionnaires consist of 25 question items have been distributed among multiple tier leaders working in MIA Group and is subsequently analyzed by using SPSS. The current research will assist the managers/leading role professionals to develop a required leadership style in one's organizations. Most of the organizations require an environment where employees are encouraged by motivated leaders and become more effective and creative in leading successful organizations. Further, it provides persuasive evidence for the significance of continuing the efforts to understand the nature of the leadership behaviors-effectiveness connection.
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References
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Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
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Bass, B. M. (2002). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398410
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership, organizational culture. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
Baumeister, H. (2002). Customer Relationship Management for SME ’ s. In Conference Proceedings of the eBusiness and eWork Conference E2002.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.901
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 554-571.
Cameron, K. (2012). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. In Responsible Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1023-6
Carroll, B., & Levy, L. (2008). Defaulting to management: Leadership defined by what it is not. Organization. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508407084486
Carter, S. M., & Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812471724
Coelho, P., Zúquete, A., & Gomes, H. (2018). Federation of Attribute Providers for User Self-Sovereign Identity. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 3(4), 32.
Commons, W. (2012). Main Industries by Region - Pakistan. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Industries_by_Region_-_Pakistan.png
avidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as Attachment Figures: Leaders’ Attachment Orientations Predict Leadership-Related Mental Representations and Followers’ Performance and Mental Health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632
Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., & McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.004
Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410530601
Doody, O., & Doody, C. M. (2014). Transformational leadership in nursing practice. British Journal of Nursing. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.20.1212
Mehrabani, S. E., & Mohamad, N. A. (2015). New approach to leadership skills development (developing a model and measure). Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-03-2013-0046
Elmore, R. F. (2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. American Educator. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfecs.v28i1.52788
Ganzarain, J., & Errasti, N. (2016). Three stage maturity model in SME’s towards industry 4.0. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2073
García-Morales, V. J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.005
Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
Gastil, J. (1994). A Definition and Illustration of Democratic Leadership. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700805
Gilley, A., Gilley, J. W., & McMillan, H. S. (2009). Organizational change: Motivation, communication, and leadership effectiveness. Performance Improvement Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.20039
Greve, H. R. (2003). Organizational learning from performance feedback: A behavioral perspective on innovation and change. Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615139
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.032
Hamdan, l. (2018). Quality Circle and its Roles in Industry and Services. Journal of Humanities Insights, 02(01), 21-5.
Hamidifar, F., & Ebrahimi, M. (2016). Academic Leadership in a Private University: An Iranian Case Study. International Education Studies. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n5p193
Hansen, G. and Wernerfelt, B. (1989). "Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organisational factors." Strategic Management Journal. 10(September-October): 399-411
Heifetz, R. A., & Laurie, D. L. (1997). The work of leadership. Harvard Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2009.5235495
Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership Agility: A Business Imperative for a VUCA World. People & Strategy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.001
Ilsever, J., & Ilesever, O. (2016). DOES TRANSFORMATION LEADERSHIP PROMOTE INNOVATION PRACTICES IN E-COMMERCE. Business Studies Journal.
Judge, T. A., & Piccol, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.246
Kelidbari, H. R. R., Fadaei, M., & Ebrahimi, P. (2016). The Role of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance in Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.058
Khan, R., Rehman A.U., & Yousuf, I. (2009). Influence of transformational leadership on employees performance: a pakistani perspective. International Journal of Accounting Information Science and Leadership, 2(3): 53-60.
Kim, H., & Kim, T. (2017). Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership: A Review of Empirical Studies. Human Resource Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484317729262
Lale, G., & Arzu, I. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research.
Lim, B. C. & Ployhart, R. E. (2004). Transformational leadership: Relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 610-621.
Lindgren, P. (2012). Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Lead Business Model Innovation? International Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n14p53
Mehrabani, S. E., & Mohamad, N. A. (2015). New approach to leadership skills development (developing a model and measure). Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2013-0046
Muhammad, K. (2018). The Effects of Electronic Human Resource Management on Financial Institutes. Journal of Humanities Insights, 02(01), 01-5.
Muyambiri, B., & Chabaefe, N. N. (2018). The Finance–Growth Nexus in Botswana: A Multivariate Causal Linkage. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 2(2), 03.
Novicevic, M. M., Harvey, M. G., Ronald, M., & Brown-Radford, J. A. (2007). Authentic Leadership: A Historical Perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130010901
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: Empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114
Orabi, T. G. A. (2016). The Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i2.9427
Ostroff, C. & Bowen, D.E. (2000). Moving HR to a Higher Level. In K.J. Klein and S.W. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations pp: 211-266. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Paarlberg, L. E., & Lavigna, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and public service motivation: Driving individual and organizational performance. Public Administration Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02199.x
Porter, M. E. (2006). The Structure within Industries and Companies’ Performance. The Review of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924589
Ackoff, R. L. (1999). Transformational leadership. Strategy & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054626
Ahmadi, F., Rahimi, M., & Rezaei, A. (2018). Study of Relation between Business Model and Sensemaking Decisions. Journal of Humanities Insights, 2(2), 216-225.
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
Balkin, D. B., Markman, G. D., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2000). Is CEO pay in high-technology firms related to innovation? Academy of Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556340
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S
Bass, B. M. (2002). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398410
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership, organizational culture. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
Baumeister, H. (2002). Customer Relationship Management for SME ’ s. In Conference Proceedings of the eBusiness and eWork Conference E2002.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.901
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 554-571.
Cameron, K. (2012). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. In Responsible Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1023-6
Carroll, B., & Levy, L. (2008). Defaulting to management: Leadership defined by what it is not. Organization. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508407084486
Carter, S. M., & Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812471724
Coelho, P., Zúquete, A., & Gomes, H. (2018). Federation of Attribute Providers for User Self-Sovereign Identity. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 3(4), 32.
Commons, W. (2012). Main Industries by Region - Pakistan. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Industries_by_Region_-_Pakistan.png
avidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as Attachment Figures: Leaders’ Attachment Orientations Predict Leadership-Related Mental Representations and Followers’ Performance and Mental Health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632
Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., & McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.004
Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410530601
Doody, O., & Doody, C. M. (2014). Transformational leadership in nursing practice. British Journal of Nursing. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.20.1212
Mehrabani, S. E., & Mohamad, N. A. (2015). New approach to leadership skills development (developing a model and measure). Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-03-2013-0046
Elmore, R. F. (2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. American Educator. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfecs.v28i1.52788
Ganzarain, J., & Errasti, N. (2016). Three stage maturity model in SME’s towards industry 4.0. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2073
García-Morales, V. J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.005
Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
Gastil, J. (1994). A Definition and Illustration of Democratic Leadership. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700805
Gilley, A., Gilley, J. W., & McMillan, H. S. (2009). Organizational change: Motivation, communication, and leadership effectiveness. Performance Improvement Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.20039
Greve, H. R. (2003). Organizational learning from performance feedback: A behavioral perspective on innovation and change. Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Innovation and Change. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615139
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.032
Hamdan, l. (2018). Quality Circle and its Roles in Industry and Services. Journal of Humanities Insights, 02(01), 21-5.
Hamidifar, F., & Ebrahimi, M. (2016). Academic Leadership in a Private University: An Iranian Case Study. International Education Studies. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n5p193
Hansen, G. and Wernerfelt, B. (1989). "Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organisational factors." Strategic Management Journal. 10(September-October): 399-411
Heifetz, R. A., & Laurie, D. L. (1997). The work of leadership. Harvard Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2009.5235495
Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership Agility: A Business Imperative for a VUCA World. People & Strategy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.001
Ilsever, J., & Ilesever, O. (2016). DOES TRANSFORMATION LEADERSHIP PROMOTE INNOVATION PRACTICES IN E-COMMERCE. Business Studies Journal.
Judge, T. A., & Piccol, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.246
Kelidbari, H. R. R., Fadaei, M., & Ebrahimi, P. (2016). The Role of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance in Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.058
Khan, R., Rehman A.U., & Yousuf, I. (2009). Influence of transformational leadership on employees performance: a pakistani perspective. International Journal of Accounting Information Science and Leadership, 2(3): 53-60.
Kim, H., & Kim, T. (2017). Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership: A Review of Empirical Studies. Human Resource Development Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484317729262
Lale, G., & Arzu, I. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research.
Lim, B. C. & Ployhart, R. E. (2004). Transformational leadership: Relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 610-621.
Lindgren, P. (2012). Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Lead Business Model Innovation? International Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n14p53
Mehrabani, S. E., & Mohamad, N. A. (2015). New approach to leadership skills development (developing a model and measure). Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2013-0046
Muhammad, K. (2018). The Effects of Electronic Human Resource Management on Financial Institutes. Journal of Humanities Insights, 02(01), 01-5.
Muyambiri, B., & Chabaefe, N. N. (2018). The Finance–Growth Nexus in Botswana: A Multivariate Causal Linkage. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 2(2), 03.
Novicevic, M. M., Harvey, M. G., Ronald, M., & Brown-Radford, J. A. (2007). Authentic Leadership: A Historical Perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130010901
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: Empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114
Orabi, T. G. A. (2016). The Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i2.9427
Ostroff, C. & Bowen, D.E. (2000). Moving HR to a Higher Level. In K.J. Klein and S.W. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations pp: 211-266. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Paarlberg, L. E., & Lavigna, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and public service motivation: Driving individual and organizational performance. Public Administration Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02199.x
Porter, M. E. (2006). The Structure within Industries and Companies’ Performance. The Review of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924589
Published
2019-08-31
How to Cite
Ben Saad, G., & Abbas, M. (2019). The influence of transformational leadership on organizational and leadership effectiveness: An empirical case study of Pakistan. Amazonia Investiga, 8(21), 117-129. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/53
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