Farmers’ training on water management in order to manage droughts and water crisis in Iran
Keywords:
Iran Agriculture; Water Tension; Farmers Training; Drought Management; Irrigation in Iran
Abstract
Iran faces a serious water crisis, despite the fact that there are different advanced water management systems in our country. The instability of farmland is increasing rapidly in subtropical dry zone. In the last 50 years, the water crisis has entered a new phase in Iran, due to the advent of technology and the possibility of digging deep wells, dams and consequently, unconventional consumption of underground aquifers, aqueducts, and underground reserves. Iran's cultivated land is estimated at about 16 million hectares of which about half is irrigated and the other half is cultivated as rain-fed. Water management is one of the essential requirements in the recent years due to the shortage of rainfall along with its inappropriate distribution and the occurrence of multiple droughts. Sprinkler and Drip irrigation systems are common methods to save water which also minimize the loss of water via evaporation. Agricultural education plays a significant role in improving water management in the farm and also is essential to train farmers to make them aware of the importance of water. The water crisis may lead to irreparable disasters in the future if we cannot train the people especially the farmers. The aim of this paper is to investigate the strategies of water management by training the farmers in Iran.
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References
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Orlowsky, B., & Seneviratne, S. I. (2012). Global changes in extreme events: regional and seasonal dimension. Climatic Change, 110(3), 669-696.
Qin, S., Zhang, J., Dai, H., Wang, D., & Li, D. (2014). Effect of ridge–furrow and plastic-mulching planting patterns on yield formation and water movement of potato in a semi-arid area. Agricultural Water Management, 131, 87-94.
Rad, A. M., Khalili, D., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., Zand-Parsa, S., & Banimahd, S. A. (2016). Assessment of seasonal characteristics of streamflow droughts under semiarid conditions. Natural Hazards, 82(3), 1541-1564.
Rijsberman, F. R. (2006). Water scarcity: fact or fiction?. Agricultural water management, 80(1), 5-22.
Saadat, S., Khalili, D., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., & Zand-Parsa, S. (2013). Investigation of spatio-temporal patterns of seasonal streamflow droughts in a semi-arid region. Natural hazards, 69(3), 1697-1720.
Sarhadi, A., & Heydarizadeh, M. (2014). Regional frequency analysis and spatial pattern characterization of dry spells in Iran. International Journal of Climatology, 34(3), 835-848
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI) https://www.scwmri.ac.ir/
Sung, J. H., & Chung, E. S. (2014). Development of streamflow drought severity–duration–frequency curves using the threshold level method. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(9), 3341-3351.
Vaghefi, S. A., Mousavi, S. J., Abbaspour, K. C., Srinivasan, R., & Arnold, J. R. (2015). Integration of hydrologic and water allocation models in basin-scale water resources management considering crop pattern and climate change: Karkheh River Basin in Iran. Regional environmental change, 15(3), 475-484.
Valipour, M. (2015). Future of agricultural water management in Africa. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(7), 907-927.
Valipour, M. (2015). Land use policy and agricultural water management of the previous half of century in Africa. Applied Water Science, 5(4), 367-395.
Valipour, M., Ziatabar Ahmadi, M., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Gholami Sefidkouhi, M. A., Shahnazari, A., Fazlola, R., & Darzi-Naftchali, A. (2015). Agricultural water management in the world during past half century. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(5), 657-678.
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Williams, M. R., King, K. W., & Fausey, N. R. (2015). Drainage water management effects on tile discharge and water quality. Agricultural Water Management, 148, 43-51.
Ye, X., Li, X., Xu, C. Y., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Similarity, difference and correlation of meteorological and hydrological drought indices in a humid climate region–the Poyang Lake catchment in China. Hydrology Research, 47(6), 1211-1223.
Zamani, R., Mirabbasi, R., Abdollahi, S., & Jhajharia, D. (2017). Streamflow trend analysis by considering autocorrelation structure, long-term persistence, and Hurst coefficient in a semi-arid region of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(1-2), 33-45.
Ashraf Vaghefi, S., Mousavi, S. J., Abbaspour, K. C., Srinivasan, R., & Yang, H. (2014). Analyses of the impact of climate change on water resources components, drought and wheat yield in semiarid regions: Karkheh River Basin in Iran. Hydrological Processes, 28(4), 2018-2032.
Central Organization of Rural Cooperatives of Iran http://www.corc.ir/portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=d0718d19-fa6e-4ad5-b87c-649f0a0c8239
Deng, X. P., Shan, L., Zhang, H., & Turner, N. C. (2006). Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China. Agricultural water management, 80(1), 23-40.
Farahmand, A, AghaKouchak, A, 2015. A generalized framework for deriving non- parametric standardized drought indicators. Adv. Water Resour. 76, 140–145.
Fathian, F., Morid, S., & Kahya, E. (2015). Identification of trends in hydrological and climatic variables in Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 119(3-4), 443-464.
Food Secure Iran, Safeguarding Its Natural Resources http://www.fao.org/iran/en/
Foster, T., Brozović, N., Butler, A. P., Neale, C. M. U., Raes, D., Steduto, P., ... & Hsiao, T. C. (2017). AquaCrop-OS: An open source version of FAO's crop water productivity model. Agricultural Water Management, 181, 18-22.
Francesca, T, Mannocchi, F, Vergni, L, 2015. Severity-duration-frequency curves in the mitigation of drought impact: an agricultural case study. Nat. Hazards 65, 1863–1881.
Gohari, A., Mirchi, A., & Madani, K. (2017). System Dynamics Evaluation of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Water Resources Management in Central Iran. Water Resources Management, 31(5), 1413-1434.
Halwatura, D, Lechner, AM, Arnold, S, 2015. Drought severity–duration–frequency curves: a foundation for risk assessment and planning tool for ecosystem es- tablishment in post-mining landscapes. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 19, 1069–1091.
Harremoes, P, Topsoe, F, 2001. Maximum entropy fundamentals. Entropy 3, 191–226.
Hayes, MJ, Wilhelmi, OV , Knutson, CL , 2004. Reducing drought risk: bridging theory and practic. Nat. Hazards Revi. 5, 106–113.
Hisdal, H., Stahl, K., Tallaksen, L. M., & Demuth, S. (2001). Have streamflow droughts in Europe become more severe or frequent? International Journal of Climatology, 21(3), 317-333.
Hosseinzadeh Talaee, P., Tabari, H., & Sobhan Ardakani, S. (2014). Hydrological drought in the west of Iran and possible association with large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Hydrological Processes, 28(3), 764-773.
Iglesias, A., & Garrote, L. (2015). Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe. Agricultural water management, 155, 113-124.
Joetzjer, E, Douville, H, Delire, C, Ciais, P, Decharme, B, Tyteca, S, 2013. Hydro- logic benchmarking of meteorological drought indices at interannual to climate change timescales: a case study over the amazon and Mississippi River basins. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 17, 4 885–4 895.
Lei, T, Wu, J, Li, X, Geng, G, Shao, C, Zhou, H, Wang, Q, Liu, L, 2015. A new frame- work for evaluating the impacts of drought on net primary productivity of grassland. Sci. Total, Environ. 536, 161–172.
Li, Y, Gu, W, Cui, W, Chang, Z , Xu, Y , 2015. Exploration of copula function use in crop meteorological drought risk analysis: a case study of winter wheat in Bei- jing, China. Nat. Hazards 77 (2), 1289–1303.
Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? Journal of environmental studies and sciences, 4(4), 315-328.
Mahmoudzadeh, H., Mahmoudzadeh, H., Afshar, M. H., & Yousefi, S. (2016). Applying First-Order Markov Chains and SPI Drought Index to Monitor and Forecast Drought in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. International Journal Of Geo Science and Environmental Planning, 1(2), 44-53.
Mahsafar, H., Najarchi, M., Najafizadeh, M. M., & Hezaveh, M. M. (2017). Conjunctive effect of water productivity and cultivation pattern on agricultural water management. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, ws2017054.
Mehran, A , Mazdiyasni, O , AghaKouchak, A , 2015. A hybrid framework for assessing socioeconomic drought: linking climate variability, local resilience, and demand. J. Geophys. Res. –Atmos. 120 (15), 7520–7533.
Modaresi Rad, A , Khalili, D , 2015. Appropriateness of clustered raingauge stations for spatio-temporal meteorological drought applications. Water Resour. Manag. 29, 4157–4171.
Modaresi Rad, A, Khalili, D, Kamgar-Haghighi, AA, Zand-Parsa, Sh, Banimahd, SA, 2016. Assessment of seasonal characteristics of streamflow droughts un- der semi-arid conditions. Nat. Hazards 1–24.
Molden, D., Oweis, T., Steduto, P., Bindraban, P., Hanjra, M. A., & Kijne, J. (2010). Improving agricultural water productivity: between optimism and caution. Agricultural Water Management, 97(4), 528-535.
Montakab, S. Irrigation Management in Ancient Iran: A Survey of Sasanian Water Politics.
Motiee, H., Monouchehri, G. H., & Tabatabai, M. R. M. (2001). Water crisis in Iran, codification and strategies in urban water. In Proceedings of the Workshops held at the UNESCO Symposium, Technical documents in Hydrology No. 45, Marseille, June 2001 (pp. 55-62).
Nazari, M., Razzaghi, F., Khalili, D., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., & Zarandi, S. M. (2017). Regionalization of dryland farming potential as influenced by droughts in western Iran. International Journal of Plant Production, 11(2).
Nosrati, K., Laaha, G., Sharifnia, S. A., & Rahimi, M. (2015). Regional low flow analysis in Sefidrood Drainage Basin, Iran using principal component regression. Hydrology Research, 46(1), 121-135.
Orlowsky, B., & Seneviratne, S. I. (2012). Global changes in extreme events: regional and seasonal dimension. Climatic Change, 110(3), 669-696.
Qin, S., Zhang, J., Dai, H., Wang, D., & Li, D. (2014). Effect of ridge–furrow and plastic-mulching planting patterns on yield formation and water movement of potato in a semi-arid area. Agricultural Water Management, 131, 87-94.
Rad, A. M., Khalili, D., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., Zand-Parsa, S., & Banimahd, S. A. (2016). Assessment of seasonal characteristics of streamflow droughts under semiarid conditions. Natural Hazards, 82(3), 1541-1564.
Rijsberman, F. R. (2006). Water scarcity: fact or fiction?. Agricultural water management, 80(1), 5-22.
Saadat, S., Khalili, D., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., & Zand-Parsa, S. (2013). Investigation of spatio-temporal patterns of seasonal streamflow droughts in a semi-arid region. Natural hazards, 69(3), 1697-1720.
Sarhadi, A., & Heydarizadeh, M. (2014). Regional frequency analysis and spatial pattern characterization of dry spells in Iran. International Journal of Climatology, 34(3), 835-848
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI) https://www.scwmri.ac.ir/
Sung, J. H., & Chung, E. S. (2014). Development of streamflow drought severity–duration–frequency curves using the threshold level method. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(9), 3341-3351.
Vaghefi, S. A., Mousavi, S. J., Abbaspour, K. C., Srinivasan, R., & Arnold, J. R. (2015). Integration of hydrologic and water allocation models in basin-scale water resources management considering crop pattern and climate change: Karkheh River Basin in Iran. Regional environmental change, 15(3), 475-484.
Valipour, M. (2015). Future of agricultural water management in Africa. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(7), 907-927.
Valipour, M. (2015). Land use policy and agricultural water management of the previous half of century in Africa. Applied Water Science, 5(4), 367-395.
Valipour, M., Ziatabar Ahmadi, M., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., Gholami Sefidkouhi, M. A., Shahnazari, A., Fazlola, R., & Darzi-Naftchali, A. (2015). Agricultural water management in the world during past half century. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(5), 657-678.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Zabalza-Martínez, J., Borràs, G., López-Moreno, J. I., Pla, E., Pascual, D., ... & Peña-Gallardo, M. (2017). Effect of reservoirs on streamflow and river regimes in a heavily regulated river basin of Northeast Spain. Catena, 149, 727-741.
Williams, M. R., King, K. W., & Fausey, N. R. (2015). Drainage water management effects on tile discharge and water quality. Agricultural Water Management, 148, 43-51.
Ye, X., Li, X., Xu, C. Y., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Similarity, difference and correlation of meteorological and hydrological drought indices in a humid climate region–the Poyang Lake catchment in China. Hydrology Research, 47(6), 1211-1223.
Zamani, R., Mirabbasi, R., Abdollahi, S., & Jhajharia, D. (2017). Streamflow trend analysis by considering autocorrelation structure, long-term persistence, and Hurst coefficient in a semi-arid region of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(1-2), 33-45.
Published
2018-08-30
How to Cite
Baharak, A. (2018). Farmers’ training on water management in order to manage droughts and water crisis in Iran. Amazonia Investiga, 7(15), 234-242. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/453
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