Workplace dynamics and individual outcomes: Role of workplace ostracism in shaping inner resignation
Keywords:
Workplace ostracism, Horizontal workplace violence, Occupational self-efficacy, Inner resignation, Higher education institutions.
Abstract
This study aims to examine the influence of workplace ostracism on horizontal workplace violence, occupational self-efficacy, and inner resignation in the faculty members working in higher education institutions of Pakistan. In this study, a survey was held for native Urdu speakers. The back-to-back method was used for the translation of the questionnaire. The translated questionnaire was pilot tested with a small group to ensure clarity. The total of 321 responses were collected by using self-administered questionnaires and online platform. The SPSS and Smart PLS4 software were utilized for hypothesis testing. The results of the study show that respondents have low workplace ostracism, horizontal workplace violence, and inner resignation, whereas they exhibit high occupational self-efficacy. The results also indicate that workplace ostracism has the strong and positive relation with horizontal workplace violence while negative relation with occupational self-efficacy. The findings of the study show that interrelationship between workplace ostracism and inner resignation is not an isolated one but is significantly influenced by horizontal workplace violence and occupational self-efficacy.
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References
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Blackstock, S., Salami, B., & Cummings, G. G. (2018). Organisational antecedents, policy and horizontal violence among nurses: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(8), 972-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12623
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Borgogni, L., & Steca, P. (2003). Efficacy beliefs as determinants of teachers’ job satisfaction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 821-832. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.821
Chang, E., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Mediating effect of goal adjustment on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and academic burnout. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22327
Chi, S.C.S., & Liang, S.G. (2013). When do subordinates’ emotion-regulation strategies matter? Abusive supervision, subordinates’ emotional exhaustion, and work withdrawal. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 125-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.006
Choi, Y. (2020). A study of the influence of workplace ostracism on employees' performance: moderating effect of perceived organizational support. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 29(3), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-09-2019-0159
De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2019). Workplace ostracism and job performance: roles of self-efficacy and job level. Personnel Review, 48(1), 184-203. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2017-0039
Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 81(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2014.07.008
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (pp. 1‒30). Taylor & Francis.
Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., & Morrison, R. (2015). Ostracism, self-esteem, and job performance: When do we self-verify and when do we self-enhance? Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0347
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Phetvaroon, K., & Li, J. (J.). (2020). Left out of the office “tribe”: The influence of workplace ostracism on employee work engagement. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(8), 2717-2735. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0285
Hämmig, O. (2017). Health and well-being at work: The key role of supervisor support. SSM-population health, 3, 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.04.002
Hampton, D., Tharp‐Barrie, K., & Kay Rayens, M. (2019). Experience of nursing leaders with workplace bullying and how to best cope. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12706
Hartman, R. L., & Barber, E. G. (2020). Women in the workforce: The effect of gender on occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and career aspirations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(1), 92-118.
Hartner-Tiefenthaler, M. (2021). Supervisors’ power to deal with employees’ inner resignation: How perceived power of the organization and the supervisor relate to employees’ voluntary and enforced work behavior. European Management Journal, 39(2), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.08.001
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hsieh, Y. H., Wang, H. H., & Ma, S. C. (2019). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace bullying, mental health and an intention to leave among nurses in Taiwan. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(2), 245-254.
Hui, R. T. Y., Chiu, W., Won, D., & Bae, J. S. (2023). The influence of team-member exchange on turnover intention among student-athletes: the mediating role of interpersonal self-efficacy and the moderating role of seniority. Sport Management Review, 26(1), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1988425
Jahanzeb, S., & Fatima, T. (2018). How workplace ostracism influences interpersonal deviance: The mediating role of defensive silence and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 779-791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9525-6
Jang, S. J., Son, Y. J., & Lee, H. (2022). Intervention types and their effects on workplace bullying among nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1788-1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13655
Kašpárková, L., Vaculík, M., Procházka, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Why resilient workers perform better: The roles of job satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 33(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2018.1441719
Lee, Y. S., & Liu, W. K. (2021). The moderating effects of employee benefits and job burnout among the employee loyalty, corporate culture and employee turnover. Universal Journal of Management, 9(2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2021.090205
Li, M., Xu, X., & Kwan, H. K. (2021). Consequences of workplace ostracism: A meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 641302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641302
Livne, Y., & Goussinsky, R. (2018). Workplace bullying and burnout among healthcare employees: The moderating effect of control‐related resources. Nursing & Health Sciences, 20(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12392
Ma, Z., Song, L., & Huang, J. (2023). How maladjustment and workplace bullying affect newcomers’ turnover intentions: Roles of cognitive diversity and perceived inclusive practices. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2022-1327
MacLean, L., Coombs, C., & Breda, K. (2016). Unprofessional workplace conduct... defining and defusing it. Nursing Management, 47(9), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000491126.68354.be
Mendonca, A., & D’Cruz, P. (2021). Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment in the Context of Dirty Work. In Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors (pp. 551–586). Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5308-5_21
Muhangi, G. T. (2017). Self-efficacy and job satisfaction as correlates to turnover intentions among secondary school teachers in Mbarara district. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 27(1), 256-275.
Pereira, H., Gonçalves, V. O., & Assis, R. M. D. (2021). Burnout, organizational self-efficacy and self-esteem among Brazilian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 795-803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030057
Pfitzner-Eden, F. (2016). I feel less confident so I quit? Do true changes in teacher self-efficacy predict changes in preservice teachers' intention to quit their teaching degree?. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 240-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.018
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Wang, M., Roldan, J. L., & Kunasekaran, P. (2021). Are we in right path for mediation analysis? Reviewing the literature and proposing robust guidelines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48(2), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.013
Schmitz, E., Gayler, B., & Jehle, P. (2002). Quality criteria and structural analysis for internal termination. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Journal of Human Resources Research, 16(1), 39e61. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700220201600102
Shorey, S., & Wong, P. Z. E. (2021). A qualitative systematic review on nurses’ experiences of workplace bullying and implications for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(11), 4306-4320. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14912
Sirsawy, U., Steinberg, W. J., & Raubenheimer, J. E. (2016). Levels of burnout among registrars and medical officers working at Bloemfontein public healthcare facilities in 2013. South African Family Practice, 58(6), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2016.1198088
Suggala, S., Thomas, S., & Kureshi, S. (2021). Impact of workplace bullying on employees’ mental health and self-worth. Dhiman(ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 799-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30025-8_30
Tziner, A., Bar-Mor, H., Shwartz-Asher, D., Shkoler, O., Geva, L., & Levi, H. (2023). Insights into abusive workplace behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 990501. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.990501
Wang, L. M., Lu, L., Wu, W. L., & Luo, Z. W. (2022). Workplace ostracism and employee well-being: A conservation of resource perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1075682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1075682
Weissenfels, M., Benick, M., & Perels, F. (2021). Can teacher self-efficacy act as a buffer against burnout in inclusive classrooms? International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101794
Wu, C. H., Liu, J., Kwan, H.K., & Lee, C. (2016). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits organizational citizenship behaviors: an organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000063
Wu, C., Kwan, H. K., Liu, J., & Lee, C. (2021). When and how favour rendering ameliorates workplace ostracism over time: Moderating effect of self‐monitoring and mediating effect of popularity enhancement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(1), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12328
Xiao, Q., Cooke, F. L., & Chen, L. (2022). Nurses’ well‐being and implications for human resource management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 24(4), 599-624. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12295
Zhang, R., Kang, H., Jiang, Z., & Niu, X. (2023). How does workplace ostracism hurt employee creativity? Thriving at work as a mediator and organization‐based self‐esteem as a moderator. Applied Psychology, 72(1), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12374
Zhao, W., Liao, X., Li, Q., Jiang, W., & Ding, W. (2022). The relationship between teacher job stress and burnout: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 784243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784243
Ampofo, J. A., Nassè, T. B., & Akouwerabou, L. (2020). The effects of stress on performance of workers in Ghana health service in Wa municipal. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 2(4), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v2i4.152
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New York: Prentice-Hall
Bedi, A. (2021). No herd for black sheep: A meta‐analytic review of the predictors and outcomes of workplace ostracism. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 861-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12238
Blackstock, S., Salami, B., & Cummings, G. G. (2018). Organisational antecedents, policy and horizontal violence among nurses: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(8), 972-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12623
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Borgogni, L., & Steca, P. (2003). Efficacy beliefs as determinants of teachers’ job satisfaction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 821-832. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.821
Chang, E., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Mediating effect of goal adjustment on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and academic burnout. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22327
Chi, S.C.S., & Liang, S.G. (2013). When do subordinates’ emotion-regulation strategies matter? Abusive supervision, subordinates’ emotional exhaustion, and work withdrawal. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 125-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.08.006
Choi, Y. (2020). A study of the influence of workplace ostracism on employees' performance: moderating effect of perceived organizational support. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 29(3), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-09-2019-0159
De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Azeem, M. U. (2019). Workplace ostracism and job performance: roles of self-efficacy and job level. Personnel Review, 48(1), 184-203. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2017-0039
Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 81(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2014.07.008
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (pp. 1‒30). Taylor & Francis.
Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., & Morrison, R. (2015). Ostracism, self-esteem, and job performance: When do we self-verify and when do we self-enhance? Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0347
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Phetvaroon, K., & Li, J. (J.). (2020). Left out of the office “tribe”: The influence of workplace ostracism on employee work engagement. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(8), 2717-2735. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0285
Hämmig, O. (2017). Health and well-being at work: The key role of supervisor support. SSM-population health, 3, 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.04.002
Hampton, D., Tharp‐Barrie, K., & Kay Rayens, M. (2019). Experience of nursing leaders with workplace bullying and how to best cope. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12706
Hartman, R. L., & Barber, E. G. (2020). Women in the workforce: The effect of gender on occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and career aspirations. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(1), 92-118.
Hartner-Tiefenthaler, M. (2021). Supervisors’ power to deal with employees’ inner resignation: How perceived power of the organization and the supervisor relate to employees’ voluntary and enforced work behavior. European Management Journal, 39(2), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.08.001
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hsieh, Y. H., Wang, H. H., & Ma, S. C. (2019). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace bullying, mental health and an intention to leave among nurses in Taiwan. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(2), 245-254.
Hui, R. T. Y., Chiu, W., Won, D., & Bae, J. S. (2023). The influence of team-member exchange on turnover intention among student-athletes: the mediating role of interpersonal self-efficacy and the moderating role of seniority. Sport Management Review, 26(1), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1988425
Jahanzeb, S., & Fatima, T. (2018). How workplace ostracism influences interpersonal deviance: The mediating role of defensive silence and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 779-791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9525-6
Jang, S. J., Son, Y. J., & Lee, H. (2022). Intervention types and their effects on workplace bullying among nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1788-1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13655
Kašpárková, L., Vaculík, M., Procházka, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Why resilient workers perform better: The roles of job satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 33(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2018.1441719
Lee, Y. S., & Liu, W. K. (2021). The moderating effects of employee benefits and job burnout among the employee loyalty, corporate culture and employee turnover. Universal Journal of Management, 9(2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2021.090205
Li, M., Xu, X., & Kwan, H. K. (2021). Consequences of workplace ostracism: A meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 641302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641302
Livne, Y., & Goussinsky, R. (2018). Workplace bullying and burnout among healthcare employees: The moderating effect of control‐related resources. Nursing & Health Sciences, 20(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12392
Ma, Z., Song, L., & Huang, J. (2023). How maladjustment and workplace bullying affect newcomers’ turnover intentions: Roles of cognitive diversity and perceived inclusive practices. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2022-1327
MacLean, L., Coombs, C., & Breda, K. (2016). Unprofessional workplace conduct... defining and defusing it. Nursing Management, 47(9), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000491126.68354.be
Mendonca, A., & D’Cruz, P. (2021). Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment in the Context of Dirty Work. In Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors (pp. 551–586). Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5308-5_21
Muhangi, G. T. (2017). Self-efficacy and job satisfaction as correlates to turnover intentions among secondary school teachers in Mbarara district. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 27(1), 256-275.
Pereira, H., Gonçalves, V. O., & Assis, R. M. D. (2021). Burnout, organizational self-efficacy and self-esteem among Brazilian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 795-803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030057
Pfitzner-Eden, F. (2016). I feel less confident so I quit? Do true changes in teacher self-efficacy predict changes in preservice teachers' intention to quit their teaching degree?. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 240-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.018
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Wang, M., Roldan, J. L., & Kunasekaran, P. (2021). Are we in right path for mediation analysis? Reviewing the literature and proposing robust guidelines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48(2), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.013
Schmitz, E., Gayler, B., & Jehle, P. (2002). Quality criteria and structural analysis for internal termination. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Journal of Human Resources Research, 16(1), 39e61. https://doi.org/10.1177/239700220201600102
Shorey, S., & Wong, P. Z. E. (2021). A qualitative systematic review on nurses’ experiences of workplace bullying and implications for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(11), 4306-4320. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14912
Sirsawy, U., Steinberg, W. J., & Raubenheimer, J. E. (2016). Levels of burnout among registrars and medical officers working at Bloemfontein public healthcare facilities in 2013. South African Family Practice, 58(6), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2016.1198088
Suggala, S., Thomas, S., & Kureshi, S. (2021). Impact of workplace bullying on employees’ mental health and self-worth. Dhiman(ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 799-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30025-8_30
Tziner, A., Bar-Mor, H., Shwartz-Asher, D., Shkoler, O., Geva, L., & Levi, H. (2023). Insights into abusive workplace behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. 990501. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.990501
Wang, L. M., Lu, L., Wu, W. L., & Luo, Z. W. (2022). Workplace ostracism and employee well-being: A conservation of resource perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1075682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1075682
Weissenfels, M., Benick, M., & Perels, F. (2021). Can teacher self-efficacy act as a buffer against burnout in inclusive classrooms? International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101794
Wu, C. H., Liu, J., Kwan, H.K., & Lee, C. (2016). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits organizational citizenship behaviors: an organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 362-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000063
Wu, C., Kwan, H. K., Liu, J., & Lee, C. (2021). When and how favour rendering ameliorates workplace ostracism over time: Moderating effect of self‐monitoring and mediating effect of popularity enhancement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(1), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12328
Xiao, Q., Cooke, F. L., & Chen, L. (2022). Nurses’ well‐being and implications for human resource management: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 24(4), 599-624. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12295
Zhang, R., Kang, H., Jiang, Z., & Niu, X. (2023). How does workplace ostracism hurt employee creativity? Thriving at work as a mediator and organization‐based self‐esteem as a moderator. Applied Psychology, 72(1), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12374
Zhao, W., Liao, X., Li, Q., Jiang, W., & Ding, W. (2022). The relationship between teacher job stress and burnout: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 784243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784243
Published
2023-09-30
How to Cite
Khalid, K. (2023). Workplace dynamics and individual outcomes: Role of workplace ostracism in shaping inner resignation. Amazonia Investiga, 12(69), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.69.09.10
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