The problem of war and peace in European literature of the 20th century
Resumo
Aim. The aim of the article is to identify and arrange the patterns of influence of the consequences of the wars of the 20th century on literature as one of the characteristic manifestations of the socio-cultural activity of the community involved in destructive military actions, and the influence of these literary works on modernity. Methods. The research employed the following methods: collection and analysis of works of war literature, cross-sectional expert rating analysis, content analysis and drawing analytical conclusions. Results. The study was focused on two lists of literary works about the First and Second World Wars. According to the rankings, Erich Maria Remarque - Der Weg zurück (about the First World War) and Anne Frank - Het Achterhuis (about the Second World War) are the leaders. Stylistic dynamics showed a change from generalized moral reflections to personal experiences of military horrors. The results confirmed the impact of military conflicts on literature and its interaction with other socio-cultural phenomena. Conclusions. The authors’ appeal in the war literature of World War II to the personal experiences of the potential reader through the mediation of autobiographical literary works contributes to a fundamental revision of the moral and ethical norms of the post-war society. The academic novelty is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global military conflicts on European literature and their role in the modern world. The results of the study can be used in literary studies, education and cultural studies for a better understanding of the influence of military conflicts on literature and the formation of a humanistic worldview. The prospects for further research direction focus on increasing the sample of empirical data through content analysis of a larger number of master works of war literature.
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Referências
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Bullock, P. R., Permiakova, S., & Stedman, G. (2021). Introduction: The First World War and its Aftermath: Literary Networks and Cultural Encounters. Journal of European Studies, 51(3-4), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441211033387
Camarotto, V. (2021). Wind of America: Pirandello and the Scènes de la vie future (1930) by Georges Duhamel. Torrossa, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1400/287953
Сambridge Core. (2023). The Cambridge history of literary criticism. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/6xEZ1c
Campobasso, M. G. (2022). “Envious people everywhere force us to defend ourselves fairly”: Legitimization and De-Legitimization of World War I in German Dramatic Literature by Andreas Dorrer. Journal of Austrian Studies, 55(4), 76-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/oas.2022.0073
Dagnino, J. (2022). Italian Catholics during the 1930s: The Role of the Laity, Ecclesiology, Literature, and New Models of Sainthood in the Age of Totalitarianism. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 25(4), 100-121. https://doi.org/10.1353/log.2022.0031
Dall'Igna, A. (2023). Work and the worker according to Ernst Jünger and Simone Weil. CoSMo Comparative Studies in Modernism, 22, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.13135/2281-6658/7803
Ferris, N. (2022). Abstraction in Post-War British Literature 1945-1980. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852698.001.0001
Gale. (2023). Scholarly Resources for Learning and Research. Gale Literary Sources. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/398dPc
Godin, C. (2019). About the Fire of Henri Barbusse. Romanesque studies, 58-68. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/Ee0OKr
Hart, K. (2023). Memory and the Jungian Unconscious in JG Ballard’s Autobiographical Narratives. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00111619.2023.2233440
Kalangutkar, N. M. (2022). Understanding Trauma Theory and Elizabeth Bowen's the Heat of the Day. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 9(2), 736‒740. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/LwaKKLOZ
Kiesel, H. (2023). Silvan Kufner (University of Regensburg) Armored trauma as a psychoanalytic construction. Reflections on psychological interpretation methods by Ernst Jünger in Stahlgewitters, 329. The First World War: Cultures of Remembrance in Germany and Australia. V&R unipress. Retrieved from https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.14220/9783737015219#page=329
Kristiawan, D., & Pandhamnurani, T. N. (2023). Freedom Imagery in Viktor Frankl’s Autobiography, Man’s Search for Meaning. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Technology Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://eprints.uty.ac.id/id/eprint/12431
Kröncke, M. (2020). Coincidence in Erich Maria Remarques Nothing new in the West. Monthly magazines, 112(3), 452-478. https://doi.org/10.3368/m.112.3.452
Ladani, T., & Naghi, L. (2023). The concept of death and sacrifice in war stories Case study: The Wooden Crosses by Roland Dorgelès and Water Never Dies by Hamid Hesam. Journal of French Language Studies, 15(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22108/RELF.2023.137068.1209
Lazarovych, M. (2023). The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen during the First World War. In: Transformational processes of the social and humanitarian sphere of modern Ukraine in the conditions of war: Scientific projects of the Faculty of Social and Humanities of ZNU (pp. 229-266). Catholic University in Ružomberok. Retrieved from http://nauksgf.wunu.edu.ua/index.php/npsgf/article/view/275
Lipárová, A. (2022). The theme of solidarity in the novels The Seventh Cross (The seventh cross) by Anna Seghers and The Spark of Life (The spark of life) by Erich Maria Remarque. (PhD thesis). Charles University, Milan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/172784
Mašek, F. (2023). One hundred years of Švejk: changes in the critical reception of Jaroslav Hašek's novel. (thesis). Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Journalism. Prague. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/182305
Massocco, M. (2022). A past that does not pass. Representations of trauma in Primo Levi's fiction. (Master's thesis). University of Padua, Padua. Retrieved from https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/46615?mode=simple
Mishra, M. (2023). Challenging The Effectiveness of War and Violence; A literary Analysis of Their Futility in Two European Texts. A literary Analysis of Their Futility in Two European Texts (April 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4430693
Moreshead, A. (2023). 1960: When Art and Literature Confronted the Memory of World War II and Remade the Modern by Al Filreis. MFS Modern Fiction Studies, 69(1), 176-178. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2023.0011
Nicolaescu, A. (2018). The fate of emigrants roman Arc de Triomphe from Erich Maria Remarque. Germanistic contributions, 43. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/58xnpd
Nowakowska, M. (2023). Confrontational mechanisms of negating sentence structures using the example of Stefan Zweig's book Impatience of the Heart. Jagiellonian Library. Retrieved from https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/313710
Ojeda Revah, M. (2022). From the Youth Revolt to The Restoration of the Outmoded (Or, as Robert Graves said, “Goodbye to all that”). MiCISAN, Repositorio Institucional. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/qfqM0o
PEN Ukraine. (2023). Publications. Retrieved from https://pen.org.ua/
Petrauskas, L. (2021). Reconciliation to one’s Fate: Irony, Humour and Stoicism as Coping Mechanisms in Erich Maria Remarque’s The Black Obelisk. (Bachelor's thesis). Utrecht University. Retrieved from https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/40479
Post, S. (2021). The front-line soldier's homecoming. Literary representation and configuration of war trauma and experiences of violence using the example of Erich Maria Remarque's The Way Back (1931). Forms of violence-form violence (pp. 139-153). Wilhelm Fink Publishing. https://doi.org/10.30965/9783846766125_007
Reuter, A. (2023). The cultural memory phenomenon Anne Frank on Instagram. Digital Memory (pp. 204-218). Wallstein Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783835384477
Ribeiro, S. C., & Thomaz, J. (2023). The Argonauts of the Western Front–Poets as Ethnographers of the Culture de Guerre in the First World War. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 16(2), 128-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2188640
Shoebottom, B. (2023). Review of “War Memories: Commemoration, Recollections and Writings on War” edited by Stephanie AH Bélanger and Renée Dickason. Canadian Military History, 32(1), 18. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/UAMPln
Stingle, S. L. (2023). On the Finite Wings of the Irreducible: Pathos and the Anarchical Temptations in Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon. (Master's Theses). LSU, 5768. https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_theses.5768
Strachan, H. (2017). The First World War as a global war. In: The British Empire and the First World War (pp. 35-46). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672939
Union of International Associations. (2023). International Association for Ethical Literary Criticism. UIA Yearbook Profile. Retrieved from https://uia.org/s/or/en/1122279123
Ugli, K. O. U. (2022). On the study of the topic of war in Western literature. Journal of Pedagogical Inventions and Practices, 4, 140-143. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/jpip/article/view/706
Wróblewski, M. (2023). Stolen childhood. War memories of children and young people from 1945-1946. Children's Literature in Education. Springer, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-023-09523-1
Zühlke, C. (2023). Elie Wiesel and a Legacy of (Post-) Witnessing. Modern Judaism: A Journal of Jewish Ideas And Experience, 43(2), 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad003
Alexander, A. (2023). The ethics of violence: Recent literature on the creation of the contemporary regime of law and war. Journal of Genocide Research, 25(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1985809
ALSCW. (2023). Publications. Retrieved from https://alscw.org/publications/
Blažić, M. M. (2023). Subversive youth literature–a fairy tale play by Alenka Gerlovič, Jurček and the Three Bandits (1944), in context. ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies, 12(1), 11-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58885/ijllis.v12i1.11.mb
Brett, L. (2016). Disquiet on the Western Front: World War II and postmodern fiction. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/lpLG22
Bullock, P. R., Permiakova, S., & Stedman, G. (2021). Introduction: The First World War and its Aftermath: Literary Networks and Cultural Encounters. Journal of European Studies, 51(3-4), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472441211033387
Camarotto, V. (2021). Wind of America: Pirandello and the Scènes de la vie future (1930) by Georges Duhamel. Torrossa, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1400/287953
Сambridge Core. (2023). The Cambridge history of literary criticism. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/6xEZ1c
Campobasso, M. G. (2022). “Envious people everywhere force us to defend ourselves fairly”: Legitimization and De-Legitimization of World War I in German Dramatic Literature by Andreas Dorrer. Journal of Austrian Studies, 55(4), 76-78. https://doi.org/10.1353/oas.2022.0073
Dagnino, J. (2022). Italian Catholics during the 1930s: The Role of the Laity, Ecclesiology, Literature, and New Models of Sainthood in the Age of Totalitarianism. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 25(4), 100-121. https://doi.org/10.1353/log.2022.0031
Dall'Igna, A. (2023). Work and the worker according to Ernst Jünger and Simone Weil. CoSMo Comparative Studies in Modernism, 22, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.13135/2281-6658/7803
Ferris, N. (2022). Abstraction in Post-War British Literature 1945-1980. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852698.001.0001
Gale. (2023). Scholarly Resources for Learning and Research. Gale Literary Sources. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/398dPc
Godin, C. (2019). About the Fire of Henri Barbusse. Romanesque studies, 58-68. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/Ee0OKr
Hart, K. (2023). Memory and the Jungian Unconscious in JG Ballard’s Autobiographical Narratives. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00111619.2023.2233440
Kalangutkar, N. M. (2022). Understanding Trauma Theory and Elizabeth Bowen's the Heat of the Day. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 9(2), 736‒740. Retrieved from https://cutt.ly/LwaKKLOZ
Kiesel, H. (2023). Silvan Kufner (University of Regensburg) Armored trauma as a psychoanalytic construction. Reflections on psychological interpretation methods by Ernst Jünger in Stahlgewitters, 329. The First World War: Cultures of Remembrance in Germany and Australia. V&R unipress. Retrieved from https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.14220/9783737015219#page=329
Kristiawan, D., & Pandhamnurani, T. N. (2023). Freedom Imagery in Viktor Frankl’s Autobiography, Man’s Search for Meaning. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Technology Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://eprints.uty.ac.id/id/eprint/12431
Kröncke, M. (2020). Coincidence in Erich Maria Remarques Nothing new in the West. Monthly magazines, 112(3), 452-478. https://doi.org/10.3368/m.112.3.452
Ladani, T., & Naghi, L. (2023). The concept of death and sacrifice in war stories Case study: The Wooden Crosses by Roland Dorgelès and Water Never Dies by Hamid Hesam. Journal of French Language Studies, 15(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22108/RELF.2023.137068.1209
Lazarovych, M. (2023). The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen during the First World War. In: Transformational processes of the social and humanitarian sphere of modern Ukraine in the conditions of war: Scientific projects of the Faculty of Social and Humanities of ZNU (pp. 229-266). Catholic University in Ružomberok. Retrieved from http://nauksgf.wunu.edu.ua/index.php/npsgf/article/view/275
Lipárová, A. (2022). The theme of solidarity in the novels The Seventh Cross (The seventh cross) by Anna Seghers and The Spark of Life (The spark of life) by Erich Maria Remarque. (PhD thesis). Charles University, Milan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/172784
Mašek, F. (2023). One hundred years of Švejk: changes in the critical reception of Jaroslav Hašek's novel. (thesis). Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Journalism. Prague. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/182305
Massocco, M. (2022). A past that does not pass. Representations of trauma in Primo Levi's fiction. (Master's thesis). University of Padua, Padua. Retrieved from https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/46615?mode=simple
Mishra, M. (2023). Challenging The Effectiveness of War and Violence; A literary Analysis of Their Futility in Two European Texts. A literary Analysis of Their Futility in Two European Texts (April 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4430693
Moreshead, A. (2023). 1960: When Art and Literature Confronted the Memory of World War II and Remade the Modern by Al Filreis. MFS Modern Fiction Studies, 69(1), 176-178. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2023.0011
Nicolaescu, A. (2018). The fate of emigrants roman Arc de Triomphe from Erich Maria Remarque. Germanistic contributions, 43. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/58xnpd
Nowakowska, M. (2023). Confrontational mechanisms of negating sentence structures using the example of Stefan Zweig's book Impatience of the Heart. Jagiellonian Library. Retrieved from https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/313710
Ojeda Revah, M. (2022). From the Youth Revolt to The Restoration of the Outmoded (Or, as Robert Graves said, “Goodbye to all that”). MiCISAN, Repositorio Institucional. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/qfqM0o
PEN Ukraine. (2023). Publications. Retrieved from https://pen.org.ua/
Petrauskas, L. (2021). Reconciliation to one’s Fate: Irony, Humour and Stoicism as Coping Mechanisms in Erich Maria Remarque’s The Black Obelisk. (Bachelor's thesis). Utrecht University. Retrieved from https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/40479
Post, S. (2021). The front-line soldier's homecoming. Literary representation and configuration of war trauma and experiences of violence using the example of Erich Maria Remarque's The Way Back (1931). Forms of violence-form violence (pp. 139-153). Wilhelm Fink Publishing. https://doi.org/10.30965/9783846766125_007
Reuter, A. (2023). The cultural memory phenomenon Anne Frank on Instagram. Digital Memory (pp. 204-218). Wallstein Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783835384477
Ribeiro, S. C., & Thomaz, J. (2023). The Argonauts of the Western Front–Poets as Ethnographers of the Culture de Guerre in the First World War. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 16(2), 128-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2188640
Shoebottom, B. (2023). Review of “War Memories: Commemoration, Recollections and Writings on War” edited by Stephanie AH Bélanger and Renée Dickason. Canadian Military History, 32(1), 18. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/UAMPln
Stingle, S. L. (2023). On the Finite Wings of the Irreducible: Pathos and the Anarchical Temptations in Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon. (Master's Theses). LSU, 5768. https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_theses.5768
Strachan, H. (2017). The First World War as a global war. In: The British Empire and the First World War (pp. 35-46). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672939
Union of International Associations. (2023). International Association for Ethical Literary Criticism. UIA Yearbook Profile. Retrieved from https://uia.org/s/or/en/1122279123
Ugli, K. O. U. (2022). On the study of the topic of war in Western literature. Journal of Pedagogical Inventions and Practices, 4, 140-143. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/jpip/article/view/706
Wróblewski, M. (2023). Stolen childhood. War memories of children and young people from 1945-1946. Children's Literature in Education. Springer, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10583-023-09523-1
Zühlke, C. (2023). Elie Wiesel and a Legacy of (Post-) Witnessing. Modern Judaism: A Journal of Jewish Ideas And Experience, 43(2), 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjad003
Publicado
2023-08-30
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Boklakh, D., Hrosevych, T., Tabakova, H., Ieliseienko, A., & Chystiak, D. (2023). The problem of war and peace in European literature of the 20th century. Amazonia Investiga, 12(68), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.68.08.20
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