Reflections of Levant and Mesopotamia gods and goddess on Cyprus cylinder seals
Keywords:
Cylinder seals, Cyprus, god, goddess, Levant & Mesopotamia, religion.
Abstract
The aim of the research is to determine the similarities between the Cyprus and Levant & Mesopotamian cylinder seals, on which god and goddess figures are engraved on them. The research is important in terms of showing the effects and similarities of mainland cultures and artistic products through Levant & Mesopotamian mainland and Cyprus island cultures. The research stems from a case study model, which will involve qualitative research methods. Visual analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, 67 seal images were given to six creative education experts. Experts stated that there are figures of a god and goddess on 34 cylinder seals. In the second stage, 34 seal images were examined by three visual arts experts. The infographic analyses have shown that the god-goddess figures on the Levant & Mesopotamian and Cyprus cylinder seals are similar or bear close resemblances. This result shows that ancient civilisations shared the material and spiritual values of the culture in a "fluid and sticky" character. This sharing feature should be accepted, supported and protected as a guide to the way of living together, which today's people need.
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References
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Bagıskan, T. (2015, 15 February) Traces of the Mother Goddess Cult in Cypriot Folklore (5). Address Cyprus Magazine, p. 24-27.
Bagıskan, T. (2015, 18 February) Traces of the Mother Goddess Cult in Cypriot Folklore (1). Address Cyprus Magazine, p. 30-33.
Bakel, T. V. (n.d.). Identifying Nergal, Nanna, Enbilulu, Ninazu and Enlil on cylinder seals. Www.academia.edu. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/11020940/Identifying_Nergal_Nanna_Enbilulu_Ninazu_and_Enlil_on_cylinder_seals
Bedir Erişti, S. D. (Ed.). (2019) Visual Research Methods Theory, Practice and Example. PEGEM Academy.
Bender, C. (2007). Kurdish Mythology. Istanbul: Berfin Press Publishing and Trade. Ltd. Company.
Black, J., & Green, A. (2004). Gods, Demons and Sybols of Ancient Mesopotamia. London: The British Museum Press.
Christos. (n.d.). Archaeological Museum of the Larnaka (Larnaca) District. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://acortar.link/9em9BX
Christos. (n.d.). Archaeological Museum of the Lemesos (Limassol) District. Www.visitcyprus.com. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://acortar.link/5cL5r8
Christos. (n.d.). Archaeological Museum of the Pafos (Paphos) District. Www.visitcyprus.com. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://www.visitcyprus.com/index.php/en/discovercyprus/culture/museums-galleries/156-archaeological-museum-of-the-pafos-paphos-district
Demirci, K. (2013). Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religions (1st Edition). Istanbul: Calis Offset.
Demirci, K. (2013). Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religions (1st Edition). Istanbul: Calis Offset.
Frankfort, H. (1939). Cylinder Seals. London: Macmillan and Co.
Ghaempanah, N. M., Afarin, R., & Heydari, M. (2014). Mythological Scenes from Ancient Mesopotamia an elamit Cylinder Seals. Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology, 2(1), pp. 129-145.
Hançerlioğlu, O. (2005). History of Thought. (11th Edition). Istanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
Hancerlioglu, O. (2005). Thought History. (11th Edition). Istanbul: Remzie Bookstore. http://library.neu.edu.tr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?bib=276781
Johns Hopkins University Museums. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2021, from https://museums.jhu.edu
Karageorghis, V. (2002). Ancient Art from Cyprus. Atina: Kapon Editions.
Konstantopoulos, G. (2018). Incribed Kassite Cylinder seals in the Metropolitan Museum. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 53, pp. 96-113.
Kyrris, C. P. (1985). History of Cyprus. Nicosia: Nicocles Publishing House.
Medelhavsmuseet. (n.d.). Medelhavsmuseet. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://www.medelhavsmuseet.se
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal | Cypriot | Late Cypriot. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324984
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327801
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal | Cypriot | Late Cypriot. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327808
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327814
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal | Cypriot | Late Cypriot. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/328763
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: demons and animals | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/331665
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: seated figure holding the tail of a griffin | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321412
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: female figure, ibex, lion | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321391
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: hunter spearing a lion before deity with staff | Middle Bronze Age. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321408
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: king before nude winged goddess above snake; weather god on bull | Cypriot | Late Cypriot I-II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321409
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: combat between men and a lion | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321411
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: mistress of animals flanked by rampant horned animals | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327230
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: human figure flanked by sphinxes, birds | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327802
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: Master of Animals between lions, griffins, Minoan genius | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327819
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: animal-headed divinities with prey | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327809
Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Cylinder seal and modern impression: confronted upright lion and griffin before a seated figure | Cypriot | Late Cypriot II. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327810
Ornan, T. (2004). The Goddess Gula and Her Dog. IMSA 3, pp. 13-30.
Reyes, A. T. (2001). The Stamp-Seals of Ancient Cyprus. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.
Simons, A.H. (2012). Akrotiri-Aetokremnos (Cyprus) 20 years later: an assessment of its significance." Eurasian Prehistory, 10 (1–2), 139-156.
Swiny S. (2001). The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus from Colonization to Exploitation. Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series, Volume 2
Teber, S. (2013) Humanization of Nature. (3rd Edition) Istanbul: Say Book.
Teber, S. (2013) Humanization of Nature. (3rd Edition) Istanbul: Say Book.
The Cyprus Museum. (n.d.). Museu.ms. Retrieved June 15, 2021, from https://museu.ms/museum/details/17890/the-cyprus-museum
The Met. (2019). Metmuseum.org. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://www.metmuseum.org
Tsouparopoulou, C. (2014). Progress report: an Online Database for the Documantation of seals, Sealings and seal Impressions in the Ancient Near East. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 2, 37-68.
Ward, W. H. (1910). The Seal Cylindesr of Western Asia. Washington. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Webb, J. M., & Weingarten, J. (2012). Seals and seal use: markers of social, political and economic transformations on two islands. British School at Athens Studies, pp. 1-20.
Welcome to the British Museum. (2018). British Museum. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from https://www.britishmuseum.org
Wiggermann, F. (1997). Transtigridian Snake Gods. Finkel, I.L.; Geller, M.J. (Ed.), Sumerian Gods and Their Representations in (p. 33-55). Groningen: STYX Publications.
Yazgin, Y. (2017) Analysis of Cyprus archaeological cylinder seals and reflection on printmaking art (Doctoral thesis), Near East Universty Grand Library.
Yazgın, Y. (2017) Analysis of Cyprus archaeological cylinder seals and their reflection on print (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Near East University, Nicosia.
Published
2023-03-30
How to Cite
Yazgin, Y. (2023). Reflections of Levant and Mesopotamia gods and goddess on Cyprus cylinder seals. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 10-32. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.1
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