Organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style influence on organizational commitment of employees in private higher education institutions (PHEI) in Malaysia
Keywords:
Organizational culture, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, leadership style.
Abstract
The study examined the extent to which organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style influences organizational commitment among academic employees in the PHEIs in Malaysia. Study participants were 750 employees (43% males, 57% females), age range 24 to 66 from ten higher educational institutions from Klang Valley area. Respondents completed measures of organizational culture, job satisfaction, leadership styles and organizational commitment. Data were descriptively summarized and with multiple regression analysis utilized to predict organizational commitment from job satisfaction, leadership style and organizational culture. The results revealed a positive significant relationship between organizational culture, leadership style, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. From the findings, it was observed that majority of the respondents agree among three discernible leadership styles, the transformational and the transactional leadership styles were positively correlated but surprisingly the laissez-faire leadership style did not meet the reliability coefficients scales needed for statistical analysis and subsequently removed from further analyses. The study also revealed that continuance commitment did not have any influence on the independent variables. Based on these findings, it was recommended that productive and effective measures should be taken by the management of PHEIs to maintain and strengthen the employees’ level of satisfaction and commitment and also devise compelling, productive, and effective policies that are promising to the employees’ prosperity and organizational productivity.
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References
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Randeree, K. and Chaudhry, A.G. (2012). “Leadership-style, satisfaction and commitment: an exploration in the United Arab Emirates’ construction sector”, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 61-85. [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Schein, E.H. (2004). “Organizational Culture and Leadership”, 3rd ed., Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. [Google Scholar]
Sekaran, U. (2003). “Research Methods for Business - A Skill-Building Approach”. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Sharimllah Devi Ramachandran, Siong Choy Chong, Hishamuddin Ismail, (2009). “The practice of knowledge management processes: A comparative study of public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia”, VINE, Vol. 39, Issue 3, pp.203-222. https://doi.org/10/1108/03055720911003978.
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Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). “Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviours”, Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.
Yahaya, R. and Ebrahim, F. (2016). “Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 190-216. [Google Scholar] [Link], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Yiing, L. (2008). “The association between organizational culture and leadership behaviour and organizational commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance – A Malaysian perspective”, Jabatan Dasar dan Strategi Perniagaan, Fakulti Perniagaan dan Perakaunan, Universiti Malaya., [Google Scholar]
Yukl, G. (1971). “Toward a behavioural theory of leadership”, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 414-440. , [Google Scholar] [Crossref], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1996). “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: an examination of construct validity”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 49 No. 3, pp. 252-276. , [Google Scholar] [Crossref], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Allen, D. G., & Griffith, R. W. (1999). Job performance and turnover: A review and multi-route model. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 525–548. doi: 10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00032-7. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O. and Weber, T.J. (2009). “Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 421-449. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
Baron, R.A. and Greenberg, J. (1990). “Behavior in Organizations”, 3rd ed., Allyn & Bacon, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc, Boston, MA. , [Google Scholar]
Bashir, N. and Long, C.S. (2015). “The relationship between training and organizational commitment among academicians in Malaysia”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 34 No. 10, pp. 1227-1245. [Google Scholar] [Link], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1994). “Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership” , Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. , [Google Scholar]
Behery, M., Paton, R.A. and Hussain, R. (2012). “Psychological contract and organizational commitment: the mediating effect of transformational leadership”, Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 299-319. , [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Bhaesajsanguan, S. (2010). “The relationships among organizational climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment in the Thai telecommunication industry”, Conference Proceedings of E‐leader Conference 2010, Singapore. [Google Scholar]
Blanchard, K.H. (2007). “Leading at a Higher Level” , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. [Google Scholar]
Buitendach, J. H. & Rothmann, S. (2009). “Job satisfaction in selected organizations in South Africa”, South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 7: 1–8.
Cohen, A. (2011). “Values and psychological contracts in their relationship to commitment in the workplace”, Career Development International, Vol. 16 No. 7, pp. 646-667. , [Google Scholar] [Link], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Denison, D. R. (1990). “Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness”. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Denison, D.R. & Young, J. (1999). “Organizational culture and effectiveness: Validating a measurement model”. Working paper. University of Michigan Business School.
Dirani, K.M. (2009). “Measuring the learning organization culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the Lebanese banking sector”, Human Resource Development International, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 189-208. , [Google Scholar] [Crossref] [Infotrieve]
Dumdum, U.R. , Lowe, K.B. and Avolio, B.J. (2002). “A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership”, in Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. (Eds), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead , Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 35-66. , [Google Scholar]
Gatling, A., Kang, H.J.A. and Kim, J.S. (2016). “The effects of authentic leadership and organizational commitment on turnover intention”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 181-199. , [Google Scholar]
Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L. M., & Hausdorf, P. A. (2001). “Understanding the links between work commitment constructs”, Journal of Vocation Behaviour, 58(3), 392-413. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.2000.1776.
Hair, J.F., Bush, R.P. and Ortinau, D.J. (2009). “Marketing Research in a Digital Information Environment”, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, New York, NY. , [Google Scholar]
Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z. and Cheung, Y.L. (2006). “The impact of participative leadership behaviour on psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in Chinese state-owned enterprises: the moderating role of organizational tenure”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 345-367. [Google Scholar] [Crossref] [Infotrieve]
Johnson, J.J. and Mclntye, C.L. (1998). “Organizational culture and climate correlates of job satisfaction”, Psychological Report, Vol. 82 No. 3, pp. 843-850. [Google Scholar] [Crossref], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Koberg, C. S. and Chusmir, L. H. (1987). “Organizational culture relationships with creativity and other job-related variables”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 397-409.
Lok, P. and Crawford, J. (2001). “Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating role of job satisfaction”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16 No. 8, pp. 594-613. , [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Messner, Wolfgang. (2013). “Effect of organizational culture on employee commitment in the Indian IT services sourcing industry”, Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 76-100., [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). “Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences”. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61, 20-52. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842.
Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1997). “Commitment in the Workplace”, Sage, London. , [Google Scholar]
Ministry of Education. (2013). “Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025”. Ministry of Education Malaysia.
Morshidi, S., Muhammad, J., Suhaimi, S., Chan, H.C. and Suzyrman, S. (2006). “Enhancing quality of faculty in private higher education in Malaysia”, Monograph Series No: 9/2006. Higher Education Research Monograph, Universiti Sains Malaysia: National Higher Education Research Institute. [Google Scholar]
Mosadegh Rad, A.M. and Yarmohammadian, M.H. (2006). “A study of relationship between managers’ leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction”, Leadership in Health Services, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. xi-xxviii. , [Google Scholar] [Infotrieve]
Northouse, P.G. (2007). “Leadership Theory and Practice”, Sage Publications, London. [Google Scholar]
Pepe, M. (2010). “The impact of extrinsic motivational dissatisfiers on employee level of job satisfaction and commitment resulting in intent to turnover”, Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), Vol. 8 No. 9. , [Google Scholar] [Crossref] [Infotrieve]
Randeree, K. and Chaudhry, A.G. (2012). “Leadership-style, satisfaction and commitment: an exploration in the United Arab Emirates’ construction sector”, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 61-85. [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Schein, E.H. (2004). “Organizational Culture and Leadership”, 3rd ed., Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. [Google Scholar]
Sekaran, U. (2003). “Research Methods for Business - A Skill-Building Approach”. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Sharimllah Devi Ramachandran, Siong Choy Chong, Hishamuddin Ismail, (2009). “The practice of knowledge management processes: A comparative study of public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia”, VINE, Vol. 39, Issue 3, pp.203-222. https://doi.org/10/1108/03055720911003978.
Tseng, L.Y. (2010). “A study of the relationship among employee personality characteristics, organizational culture, leadership style, organizational commitment, and task performance – with the high‐tech industry in Taiwan as an example”, Conference Proceedings of BAI2010 International Conference on Business and Information, Bangkok. [Google Scholar]
Valencia, J.C.N., Valle, R.S. and Jimenez, D.J. (2010). “Organizational culture as determinant of product innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 466-480, doi: 10.1108/14601061011086294. [Google Scholar] [Link] [Infotrieve]
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). “Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviours”, Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.
Yahaya, R. and Ebrahim, F. (2016). “Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 190-216. [Google Scholar] [Link], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Yiing, L. (2008). “The association between organizational culture and leadership behaviour and organizational commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance – A Malaysian perspective”, Jabatan Dasar dan Strategi Perniagaan, Fakulti Perniagaan dan Perakaunan, Universiti Malaya., [Google Scholar]
Yukl, G. (1971). “Toward a behavioural theory of leadership”, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 414-440. , [Google Scholar] [Crossref], [ISI] [Infotrieve]
Published
2019-04-29
How to Cite
Arokiasamy, D. A. R., & Hon Tat, P. D. H. (2019). Organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style influence on organizational commitment of employees in private higher education institutions (PHEI) in Malaysia. Amazonia Investiga, 8(19), 191-206. Retrieved from https://www.amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/220
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