The effect of international relations on democratization of Turkey between 2002-2010 during justice and development party rule
Keywords:
Democratization in Turkey, Secular Elites, Justice and Development Party, International relations, Conditionality, Contagion.
Abstract
Democratization takes place under different conditions in every country. The social structure and that of state play important roles, and there are many other internal and external factors for this process. Turkey also went through different phases for democratization processes. This is a qualitative study and formed by reviewing related literature and evaluating. It focuses on external factors between 2002 and 2010 because there was a struggle and long-lasting conflicts between secular elites and conservative democrats during this time. With the help and encouragement of European Union (EU), Justice and Development Party governments were able to eliminate the status quo inherited from 1980 military coup. Although democratization of Turkey proceeded with the effect of many different factors, the effect of international relations in this era was priceless for the governments of that time. Especially Turkey’s candidate process to membership of EU enforced conditionality by these countries. Even more the ruling party consented to democratize. Under the control of them, Turkey made a relatively smooth transition to more democratic state.
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References
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Youngs, R. (2009). Democracy promotion as external governance? Journal of European public policy, 16(6), 895-915.
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Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Ahiska, M. (2003). Occidentalism: The historical fantasy of the modern. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102(2), 351-379.
Akkoyunlu, K., & Öktem, K. (2016). Existential insecurity and the making of a weak authoritarian regime in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 505-527.
Aktürk, Ş. (2015). The Fourth Style of Politics: Eurasianism as a Pro-Russian Rethinking of Turkey's Geopolitical Identity. Turkish Studies, 16(1), 54-79.
Ali, I. (1998). Reflections on the Army and the Islamists in Turkey. Pakistan Horizon, 51(1), 63-72.
Arpacı, I. (2020). From Discourse to ideology Erbakan and Milli Gorush. Maarif Schools International Journal of Social and Human Sciences, 3(1), 16-37. [In turkish]
Aydın-Düzgit, S., & Keyman, E. F. (2013). EU-Turkey relations and the stagnation of Turkish democracy. Global Turkey in Europe: Political, Economic, and Foreign Policy Dimensions of Turkey's Evolving Relationship with the EU, 2, 103.
Azak, U. (2012). Secularists as the Saviors of Islam: Rearticulation of Secularism and the Freedom of Conscience in Turkey (1950). In Secular State and Religious Society (pp. 59-78). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Azmanova, A. (2020). The costs of the democratic turn in political theory (pp. 99-117). Abingdon: Routledge.
Bulut, M. (2011). An effective tool in the transformation of Turkish public administration: European Union progress reports. TCA Journal, 82, 97-124. [In turkish]
Çağlar, İ. (2012). The Welfare Party and the February 28 Process: A Historical Analysis of Turkish Conservatives’ Move to the Center. Turkish Journal of Politics, 3(1), 21-36.
Canveren, Ö. (2021). A General Panorama of Military-Politics-Society Relations in Turkey: A Historical-Sociological Evaluation. Property Magazine, 45(1), 125-153. [In turkish]
Carothers, T. (2007). How democracies emerge: The" sequencing" fallacy. Journal of democracy, 18(1), 12-27.
Clifton, J., Comin, F., & Fuentes, D. D. (2003). Privatisation in the European Union: Public enterprises and integration. Springer Science & Business Media.
Crawford, G. (2000). Foreign aid and political reform: A comparative analysis of democracy assistance and political conditionality. Springer.
Dahl, R. A. (2005). What political institutions does large-scale democracy require?. Political Science Quarterly, 120(2), 187-197.
Dahl, R. A. (2008). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale university press.
Dai, H. D. (2005). Transformation of Islamic political identity in Turkey: Rethinking the West and Westernization. Turkish studies, 6(1), 21-37.
Dilaveroğlu, E. (2012). February 28 Process and TÜSİAD's Perspective as a Non-Governmental Organization. Sakarya Journal of Economics, 1(3), 59-74. [In turkish]
Doğanay, Ü. (2007). Akp's Discourse on Democracy and Conservatism: Conservative Democracy and a Critical View. Ankara University Journal of SBF, 62(01), 65-88. [In turkish]
Duman, M. Z. (2018). Turgut Özal's Understanding of Modernization. Journal of Conservative Thought, 15(55), 99-120. [In turkish]
Göztepe, E. (2011). Evaluation of the right of individual application to the Constitutional Court in Turkey (Constitutional Complaint) within the scope of Law No. 6216. Journal of the Union of Turkish Bar Associations, (95), 13-40. [In turkish]
Grilli, E. R. (1994). The European Community and the developing countries. Cambridge University Press.
Gülmez, S. B. (2008). The EU policy of the Republican People’s Party: An inquiry on the opposition party and euro‐skepticism in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 9(3), 423-436.
Gürpinar, B. (2013). National security council and foreign policy. Journal of International Relations, 10(39), 73-104. [In turkish]
Held, D. (1991). Democracy, the nation-state and the global system. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 138-172.
Heo, U., & Tan, A. C. (2001). Democracy and economic growth: a causal analysis. Comparative politics, 463-473.
Heper, M., & Toktaş, Ş. (2003). Islam, modernity, and democracy in contemporary Turkey: The case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The Muslim World, 93(2), 157-185.
Heywood, A. (2015). Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations. Macmillan Education
Hollifield, J. F. (2004). The emerging migration state 1. International migration review, 38(3), 885-912.
Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press
Ighodalo, A. (2012). Election crisis, liberal democracy and national security in Nigeria’s fourth republic. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 10(2), 163-174.
Kasım, K. (2007). Cyprus problem after the cold war period. Gazi Academic Perspective, 01, 57-73.
Kibaroglu, M., & Caglar, B. (2008). Implications of a nuclear Iran for Turkey. Middle East Policy, 15(4), 59-80.
Kushner, D. (1997). Self-perception and identity in contemporary Turkey. Journal of Contemporary History, 32(2), 219-233.
Lazaris, N. U. (2016). Tourism And Trade Dimensions of Turkish-Greek Relations Under Erdogan Governments. Journal of Economics and Business, 19(2).
Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2002). Elections without democracy: The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of democracy, 13(2), 51-65.
Linz, J. J., & Stepan, A. C. (1996). Toward consolidated democracies. Journal of democracy, 7(2), 14-33.
Madi-Sisman, Ö. (2017). Muslims, money, and democracy in Turkey: reluctant capitalists. Springer.
Madland, D. (2011). Growth and the middle class. Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, 20, 16-22.
Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (2007). Electing to fight: Why emerging democracies go to war. MIT Press.
Marangos, J. (2005). A political economy approach to the neoclassical gradualist model of transition. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(2), 263-293.
Mateescu, D. C. (2006). Kemalism in the era of totalitarianism: A conceptual analysis. Turkish Studies, 7(2), 225-241.
Mecham, R. Q. (2004). From the ashes of virtue, a promise of light: the transformation of political Islam in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 25(2), 339-358.
Menek, A. (2016). February 28: Postmodern Coup. Journal of City and Knowledge Studies, 2, 138-149. [In turkish]
Moraski, B., & Reisinger, W. M. (2010). Spatial Contagion in Regional Machine Strength: Evidence from Voting in Russia's Federal Elections. APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1643282
Moravcsik, A. (1991). Negotiating the Single European Act: national interests and conventional statecraft in the European Community. International organization, 45(1), 19-56.
Müftüler Baç, M. (2005). Turkey's political reforms and the impact of the European Union. South European Society and Politics, 10(1), 17-31.
Naidu, S. N. M. (2021). Democratic Pluralism: A Perspectival Study of American and Indian Nationhood Experiences-Challenges for the Malaysian Nation-State: An Instructive look at American and Indian Nationhood Experiences-Lessons and Challenges for Malaysian Nation-Statehood. TechHub Journal, 1(2), 15-28.
Nasr, S. V. R. (2005). The Rise of" Muslim Democracy". Journal of Democracy, 16(2), 13-27.
Nello, S. S., & Smith, K. E. (1997). The Consequences of Eastern Enlargement of the European Union in Stages (pp. 4-16). EUI Working Paper RSC No. 97/51. European University Institute.
Öniş, Z. (2004). Turgut Özal and his economic legacy: Turkish neo-liberalism in critical perspective. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(4), 113-134.
Oran, B. (1996). Turkish foreign policy: Notes on its basic principles and its post-cold war situation. Ankara University Journal of SBF, 51(01). [In turkish]
Özdemir, H. (2015). Two National View Parties Before and After the February 28 Process: Welfare Party (Rp)-Virtue Party (Fp) (A Comparative Analysis). Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Süleyman Demirel University, 20(2), 165-193. [In turkish]
Özkır, Y. (2013). Turkey's Recent Political History and Secularism News in Hürriyet Newspaper: Aydın Doğan Era. Iğdır University Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 69-94. [In turkish]
Peres, R. (2012). The Day Turkey Stood Still: Merve Kavakci's Walk Into the Turkish Parliament. Garnet Publishing Ltd.
Potter, D. (1997). “Explaining Democratization”. In D. Goldblatt, M. Kiloh, and P. Lewis (Eds.), Democratization, Cambridge: Polity Press and The Open University.
Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, A. (2005). Democracy as an Equilibrium. Public Choice, 123(3), 253-273.
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A. & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pye, L. W., & Verba, S. (2015). Political culture and political development. Princeton University Press.
Sabuncu, Y. (2006). Election Thresholds and Political Consequences. Constitutional Jurisdiction, 22(1), 191-197. [In turkish]
Sağır, A. (2015). A Prolegomena to the Age of Anxious Conservatives. Journal of Human and Social Sciences Research, 4(3), 791-809. [In turkish]
Schedler, A. (1998). What is democratic consolidation? Journal of democracy, 9(2), 91-107.
Schmitter, P. C. (2001). The influence of the international context upon the choice of national institutions and policies in neo-democracies. The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas, 26-54.
Sel, T. (2019). February 28 Perception management in the media during the postmodern coup process: Critical Analysis of Newspaper News in the subject of Imam Hatip schools (Doctoral dissertation), Marmara University Turkey. https://www.proquest.com/openview/ed6a3cdadc7d526db11328de1d05cd88/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=44156
Shirazi, F., Ngwenyama, O., & Morawczynski, O. (2010). ICT expansion and the digital divide in democratic freedoms: An analysis of the impact of ICT expansion, education and ICT filtering on democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 27(1), 21-31.
Stokes, G. (1986). The social origins of East European politics. East European Politics and Societies, 1(1), 30-74.
Taş, H. (2015). Turkey–from tutelary to delegative democracy. Third World Quarterly, 36(4), 776-791.
Törnquist, O. (2011). Dynamics of peace and democratization. The Aceh lessons. Democratization, 18(3), 823-846.
Turan, İ. (1984). The evolution of political culture in Turkey. In Modern Turkey: Continuity and Change (pp. 84-112). VS publishing house for social sciences, Wiesbaden. [In German]
Üngör, U. Ü. (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass violence in the shadow of the state. Oxford University Press, USA.
Weber, M. (2005). Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Routledge classics). Routledge.
Whitehead, L. (1996). chapter 1 Three International Dimensions of Democratization. The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas, 3.
Yavuz, M. H. (1998). Turkish identity and foreign policy in flux: The rise of Neo‐Ottomanism. Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, 7(12), 19-41.
Yavuz, M. H., & Özcan, N. A. (2007). Crisis in Turkey: The conflict of political languages. Middle East Policy, 14(3), 118-135.
Yilmaz, I., & Shipoli, E. (2021). Use of past collective traumas, fear and conspiracy theories for securitization of the opposition and authoritarianisation: the Turkish case. Democratization, 29(2), 320-336.
Yılmaz, S. (2016). National View Movement: The Effect of Frame Change in Social Movements. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches, 5(4). [In turkish]
Youngs, R. (2009). Democracy promotion as external governance? Journal of European public policy, 16(6), 895-915.
Yuksel, H., Civan, A., & Gundogan, E. (2011). The impact of Economic and Political factors on the 2010 Turkish Referendum. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 4(7), 69-80.
Published
2022-11-08
How to Cite
Bilgin, R., Ekici, S., & Sezgin, F. (2022). The effect of international relations on democratization of Turkey between 2002-2010 during justice and development party rule. Amazonia Investiga, 11(57), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.09.22
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