Analysis of the karyotype of the Russian apple tree clonal rootstocks bred at the Michurinsk State Agrarian University
Abstract
For the first time, karyotypes of six forms of the clonal apple tree rootstocks bred at the Michurinsk State Agrarian University and their main cytogenetic features have been studied. In analyzing the mitotic division of root cells, it has been found that all studied genotypes in the (2n = 2x) diploid set have 34 chromosomes, which make 17 pairs of components. By the morphological structure, all the chromosomes are classified as metacentric and submetacentric; with that, no acrocentric and telocentrics chromosomes have been found. All chromosomes are small — 0.85 to 4.58 μm, their average length by genotypes varies from 2.05 ± 0.13 μm for the 2-15-2 hybrid to 2.71 ± 0.21 μm for the 2-9-83 form. This makes identification of homologous pairs of chromosomes difficult. Depending on the genotype, one to eight pairs of satellite chromosomes were found. Correlations of the relative indicators of chromosomes morphology among the studied clonal rootstocks were the following: by the index of their length Lr +0.85...+0.99; by the index of arm lengths -0.41...+0.35; and by the centromeric index -0.44...+0.31. By the obtained morphometric data of the metaphase plates, individual and generalized idiograms of the chromosomes of the clonal apple tree rootstocks have been built. The identified cytogenetic differences in the karyotypes of the studied forms of rootstocks are not essential, as evidenced by these genotypes' ability to interbreed with each other.
Downloads
References
Bouvier L., Lespinasse Y., Schuster M. (2000). Karyotype analysis of ahaploid plant of apple (Malus domestica). Proc. EUCARPIA Symp. on Fruit Breed. and Genetics / Eds M. Geibel, M. Fischer & C. Fischer. Acta Hort, 538, 321-324.
Budagovsky V. I. (1959). Karlikovye podvoi dlya yabloni [Dwarf apple tree rootstocks]. M.: Selkhozgiz, 352.
Budagovsky V. I. (1963). Promyshlennaya kultura karlikovykh plodovykh derevyev [Industrial culture of dwarf fruit trees]. M., 382.
Budagovsky V. I. (1976). Kultura slaboroslykh plodovykh derevyev [The culture of dwarf fruit trees]. M.: Kolos, 304.
Dosba F., Cauderon Y. (1973). Analyse statistique du caryotype d’Aegilops ventricosa. Tausch. Ann. Amélior. Plantes, 23, 133-143.
Einset J., Imhoff B. (1949). Chromosome numbers of apple varieties and sports II. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 53, 197-201.
Guo Q., Yu Y., He Q., Li X., Liang G. (2007). AFLP analysis of four wild Malus Mill. Acta Horticulturae, 760, 131-136.
Guo-Lu L. (1987). Observation of Chromosomes of Malus species in China. Acta Phytotaxonimca Sinica, 25, 437-441.
Guo-lu L., Xiao-lin L. (1993). Chromosome studies of species of Malus Mill. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 31 (3), 236-251.
Levan A., Fredga K., Sandberg A.A. (1964). Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas, 52 (2), 201-220.
Lincoln F.B., McCann L.P. (1937). Polyploidy in Native Species of Malus. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,34, 26.
Navashin S. G. (1911). Ob individualnykh i vidovykh otlichiyakh khromozom [On individual and species differences of chromosomes]. Minutes of a meeting of the Kiev Society of Naturalists.
Oldén, E. J., Koch, A. (1961). Stone fruits, root-stocks and strawberries. Institute of Fruit and Berry Breeding. Report on activities in the year, 16-24
Schuster M., Büttner R. (1995). Chromosome numbers in the Malus wild species collection of the genebank Dresden-Pillnitz. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 42(4), 353-361.
Schuster M., Fuchs J., Schubert I. (1997). Cytogenetics in fruit breeding-localization of ribosomal RNA genes on chromosomes of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 94, 322-324.
Sedov E. N., Sedysheva G. A., Serova Z. M. (2008). Breeding apples at the polyploid level. Orel: VNIISPK, 368.
Solovieva L. V. (1979). Issledovanie ploidnosti kulturnykh sortov Malus domestica (L.) Borkh. i dikorastushchikh vidov roda Malus Mill. [Studying the ploidy cultivars Malus domestica (L.) Borkh. and wild species of genus Malus Mill]. Cytology and genetics, 13(5), 366 – 369.
Solovyieva L. V. (1973). Khromosomnye chisla elitnykh seyantsev i sortov yabloni [Chromosome numbers of elite seedlings and apple varieties]. Genetics, 9(11), 66 – 72.
Topilskaya L. A., Luchnikova S. V., Chuvashia N. P. (1976). Metodika prigotovleniya atsetogematoksilinovykh preparatov [Methods of preparing acetohaematoxylin preparations]. Cytological studies of fruit and berry crops. Michurinsk, 58 – 60.
Tuz A. C., Lozitsky A. Y. 1970. Poliploidnye sorta yabloni i grushi [Polyploid varieties of apples and pears]. Genetics, 6(9), 41 – 50.
Tuz A. C., Varshanina T. P., Romanova N. I. (1979). Poliploidnye sorta yabloni Malus Mill. i grushi Pyrus L. [Polyploid apple cultivars Malus Mill. and pear cultivars Pyrus L.]. Genetics, 15(4), 684 – 690.
Tuz. A.C. (1974). Poliploidiya u vidov Malus Mill. i Pyrus L. [Polyploidy in species Malus Mill. and Pyrus L.]. Reports of the meeting of scientists before the XIX International Horticulture Congress, Poland, Warsaw. M.: Kolos, 278 – 282.
Velasco R., Zharkikh A., Affourtit J. et al. (2010). The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). Nature Genetics, 42(10), 833-841.
Wang Y., Du H.-M., Zhang J., Chen T., Chen Q., Tang H.-R., Wang X.-R. (2018). Ploidy level of Chinese cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus Lindl.) and comparative study on karyotypes with four Cerasus species. Scientia Horticulturae, 232, 46-51.
.gif)
