Comparative legal analysis of protectability of olfactory trademarks
Keywords:
Exclusive rights, trademark registration, non-traditional means of individualization, olfactory trademark, patent law.
Abstract
In the current growing global commercial turnover of goods and services, there are increasing demands on the ways of their individualization. This applies both to traditional methods of individualization (corporate name, trademark, commercial designation, name of origin, etc.) and non-traditional (olfactory trademarks). The purpose of this study is to study and analyze doctrinal concepts, norms of the current legislation, and law enforcement practice concerning the protection of rights of olfactory trademarks. In order to achieve this objective, the study used a comparative legal method, which analyzed the legal and regulatory framework, as well as the grounds for refusing to register non-traditional trademarks in various legal systems and national jurisdictions. The task of the authors was to conduct a comprehensive study of legislative regulation and practice of legal protection of olfactory trademarks in various jurisdictions. The result of the research is the formulation of a general trend in different jurisdictions toward the legislation on registration of exclusive rights to non-traditional trademarks, which with the help of aromas (smells) allow individualizing the owners of goods produced by them and/or commercial services provided.
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References
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Council Regulation (1993) EC No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trademark. Available at: https://publications.europa.eu/lt/publication-detail/-/publication/cb864571-9ac5-41ac-8f5d-391d2f0870f6/language-en
Council Regulation (2009) EC No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trademark. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009R0207
Davies. E. (2005). EU turns up its nose at attempt to trademark smell of strawberries. INDEPENDENT Online. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-turns-up-its-nose-at-attempt-to-trademark-smell-of-strawberries-322825.html
Decision of the Second Board of Appeal (1999) of 11 February 1999. In Case R 156/1998-2. Available at: http://www.copat.de/download/R0156_1998-2.pdf
Decision of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands (2006) № ECLI:NL:HR:2006:AU8940 at 16 June 2006. Available at: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2006:AU8940
Directive (2008) 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0095
Directive (2015) EU 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/2436/oj
Engen, T. (1991). Odor Sensation and Memory. New York, USA: Praeger Publishers.
Federal Trademark Dilution Act 1996 (USA). U.S. House of Representatives. Available at: http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju77698.000/hju77698_0f.htm
First Council Directive (1988) 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31989L0104:en:HTML
Hammersley, F.M. (1998). The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Mark. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, vol.2, issue 1, 105-156. Available at: https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=iplr
Hawes, J.E. (1989). Fragrance as trademark. Trademark Reporter, vol. 79, issue 2, 134-137.
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Karapapa, S. (2010). Registering Scents As Community Trade Marks. Trademark Reporter, vol.100, issue 6, 2-26. Available at: https://www.inta.org/TMR/Documents/Volume%20100/vol100_no6_a3.pdf
Koelman, K. (2006). Copyright in the Courts: Perfume as Artistic Expression? WIPO Magazine, Issue 5 (2006). Available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2006/05/article_0001.html
Lanham (Trademark) Act (15 U.S.C.) INDEX (USA). Index Last updated in February 2016 . Available at: https://www.bitlaw.com/source/15usc/
Lebed, V.V. (2011). French copyright as part of current European copyright. The Law Journal of the HSE, issue 4 (2011), 167-181. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/data/2012/06/25/1256169436/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%202011-4-18.pdf (in Russian)
Mezulanik, E. (2012). The Status of Scents as Trademarks: An International Perspective. The Voice of International Trademark Association, vol. 67, issue 1. Available at: https://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/TheStatusofScentsasTrademarksAnInternationalPerspective.aspx
Opinion of Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer (2001) delivered on 6 November 2011. Available at: http://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=olfactory%2Btrademark&docid=46822&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=6746832
Schaal, C. (2003). The registration of smell trademarks in Europe: another EU harmonisation challenge. INTER-LAWYE.com. Available at: http://www.inter-lawyer.com/lex-e-scripta/articles/trademarks-registration-smell-eu.htm#_ftn17
Tandon, S. (2015). A research study on non-traditional trademarks. Research Hub: Scholarticles. Available at: https://scholarticles.wordpress.com/2015/08/27/a-research-study-on-non-traditional-trademarks/
Thacker, S. (2014). Registration of Smell, Fragrance, Olfactory marks and Aroma Trademarks – Global Overview. STA Law Firm. Available at: https://www.stalawfirm.com/en/blogs/view/160407105907.html
Trade Marks Act 1994 (UK). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/trade-marks-act-1994
Trade Marks Act 1995 (Australian). Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00883/Download
Trade Marks Act 2002 (New Zealand). Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/latest/DLM164249.html
Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure (Australian). Available at: http://manuals.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/trade_marks_examiners_manual.htm
Trade Marks Regulations 1995 (Australian). Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00533/Download
Trademark 1241420 (2009), issued by IP Australia at 09 Feb. 2009. Available at: https://search.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/search/view/1241420?q=1241420
Trademark 2001416 (1996), issued by UK Intellectual Property Office at 29 May 1996. Available at: http://www.trademarkuk.info/tm/2001416/
Trademark 470375 (2012), issued by Rospatent at 10 Sept. 2012. Available at: https://onlinepatent.ru/trademarks/470375/
Trademark 0437933 (1948), issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office at 06 Apr. 1948. Available at: https://trademarks.justia.com/715/02/unicorn-71502355.html
Trademark 77420841 (2009), issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office at 10 March2009. Available at: https://trademarks.justia.com/774/20/n-77420841.html
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994), World Trade Organization. Available at: https://wipolex.wipo.int/ru/text/329636 (in Russian).
Bartholomew, M. (2014). Federal circuit blocks trademark for being disparaging to Muslims. PatentlyO: America’s leading patent law blog. Available at: https://patentlyo.com/patent/2014/05/circuit-trademark-disparaging.html
Bartholomew, M. and McArdle, P.F. (2011). Causing infringement. Vanderbilt Law Review, vol. 64, issue 3, p. 1-51. Available at: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/bclt_IPSC2010_Bartholomew(1).pdf
Calboli, I. and Senftleben, M. (2018). The Protection of Non-Traditional Trademarks: Critical Perspectives. Oxford, UK: Oxford Scholarship. Available at: https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198826576.001.0001/oso-9780198826576
Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883), concluded in Paris on 20.03.1883, ed. on 02.10.1979.Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5111/ (in Russian).
Council Regulation (1993) EC No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trademark. Available at: https://publications.europa.eu/lt/publication-detail/-/publication/cb864571-9ac5-41ac-8f5d-391d2f0870f6/language-en
Council Regulation (2009) EC No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trademark. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009R0207
Davies. E. (2005). EU turns up its nose at attempt to trademark smell of strawberries. INDEPENDENT Online. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-turns-up-its-nose-at-attempt-to-trademark-smell-of-strawberries-322825.html
Decision of the Second Board of Appeal (1999) of 11 February 1999. In Case R 156/1998-2. Available at: http://www.copat.de/download/R0156_1998-2.pdf
Decision of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands (2006) № ECLI:NL:HR:2006:AU8940 at 16 June 2006. Available at: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2006:AU8940
Directive (2008) 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0095
Directive (2015) EU 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/2436/oj
Engen, T. (1991). Odor Sensation and Memory. New York, USA: Praeger Publishers.
Federal Trademark Dilution Act 1996 (USA). U.S. House of Representatives. Available at: http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju77698.000/hju77698_0f.htm
First Council Directive (1988) 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating trademarks. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31989L0104:en:HTML
Hammersley, F.M. (1998). The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Mark. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, vol.2, issue 1, 105-156. Available at: https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=iplr
Hawes, J.E. (1989). Fragrance as trademark. Trademark Reporter, vol. 79, issue 2, 134-137.
Judgment of the Court (2002). Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, 12 December 2002. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:62000CJ0273
Karapapa, S. (2010). Registering Scents As Community Trade Marks. Trademark Reporter, vol.100, issue 6, 2-26. Available at: https://www.inta.org/TMR/Documents/Volume%20100/vol100_no6_a3.pdf
Koelman, K. (2006). Copyright in the Courts: Perfume as Artistic Expression? WIPO Magazine, Issue 5 (2006). Available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2006/05/article_0001.html
Lanham (Trademark) Act (15 U.S.C.) INDEX (USA). Index Last updated in February 2016 . Available at: https://www.bitlaw.com/source/15usc/
Lebed, V.V. (2011). French copyright as part of current European copyright. The Law Journal of the HSE, issue 4 (2011), 167-181. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/data/2012/06/25/1256169436/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%202011-4-18.pdf (in Russian)
Mezulanik, E. (2012). The Status of Scents as Trademarks: An International Perspective. The Voice of International Trademark Association, vol. 67, issue 1. Available at: https://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/TheStatusofScentsasTrademarksAnInternationalPerspective.aspx
Opinion of Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer (2001) delivered on 6 November 2011. Available at: http://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=olfactory%2Btrademark&docid=46822&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=6746832
Schaal, C. (2003). The registration of smell trademarks in Europe: another EU harmonisation challenge. INTER-LAWYE.com. Available at: http://www.inter-lawyer.com/lex-e-scripta/articles/trademarks-registration-smell-eu.htm#_ftn17
Tandon, S. (2015). A research study on non-traditional trademarks. Research Hub: Scholarticles. Available at: https://scholarticles.wordpress.com/2015/08/27/a-research-study-on-non-traditional-trademarks/
Thacker, S. (2014). Registration of Smell, Fragrance, Olfactory marks and Aroma Trademarks – Global Overview. STA Law Firm. Available at: https://www.stalawfirm.com/en/blogs/view/160407105907.html
Trade Marks Act 1994 (UK). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/trade-marks-act-1994
Trade Marks Act 1995 (Australian). Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00883/Download
Trade Marks Act 2002 (New Zealand). Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/latest/DLM164249.html
Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure (Australian). Available at: http://manuals.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/trade_marks_examiners_manual.htm
Trade Marks Regulations 1995 (Australian). Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00533/Download
Trademark 1241420 (2009), issued by IP Australia at 09 Feb. 2009. Available at: https://search.ipaustralia.gov.au/trademarks/search/view/1241420?q=1241420
Trademark 2001416 (1996), issued by UK Intellectual Property Office at 29 May 1996. Available at: http://www.trademarkuk.info/tm/2001416/
Trademark 470375 (2012), issued by Rospatent at 10 Sept. 2012. Available at: https://onlinepatent.ru/trademarks/470375/
Trademark 0437933 (1948), issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office at 06 Apr. 1948. Available at: https://trademarks.justia.com/715/02/unicorn-71502355.html
Trademark 77420841 (2009), issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office at 10 March2009. Available at: https://trademarks.justia.com/774/20/n-77420841.html
Published
2020-03-21
How to Cite
Odintsov, S., Trubina, M., & Mansour, M. (2020). Comparative legal analysis of protectability of olfactory trademarks. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.27.03.13
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