International Migration & Economic Development: The Case of EU Countries
Keywords:
migration, labor market, European Union, Italy, economic development, globalization, GDP, sustainability.
Abstract
The globalization of the modern world strengthens the role of migration flows in the socio-economic development of countries and regions. The European Union, and Italy in particular, are among the main centers attracting migrants due to their geopolitical transit position and relatively favorable environment. The consequences of the explosive growth in migration flows are ambiguous. To clarify the direction and power of such effects, we perform correlation and regression analysis according to a number of parameters. The paper presents relevant data on the demographic and socio-economic situation in Italy for 2001–2017. In the literature review section, we examine the substance of international migration and identify the factors affecting the trends in economic dynamics as well as changes in migration flows. The research results confirm that the most significant determinants are employment, the GDP growth rate and the labor cost index. The study also finds that there is a positive correlation between GDP growth and inflow of remittances. The empirical data provided indicate the coherence between migration and particular macroeconomic indicators. A comprehensive analysis of the factors presents a promising pathway for improving migration policy.
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References
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Kanashchenkov A.I., Novikov S.V., Veas Iniesta D.S. (2019). Technology formation of the mission of micro-level management enterprise in aviation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 537 (4)
Kane, T., & Rutledge, Z. (2018). Immigration and economic performance across fifty U.S. states from 1980-2015. Working Paper 18112. Hoover institution, Stanford University. Retrieved from: https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/18112-kane-rutledge_updated.pdf
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Lincényi, M. (2017). Entrepreneurship ecosystem facets: The European migrant crisis and public opinion in Slovakia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(2), 357-367. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2017.5.2(14)
Litau, E. (2017). ‘Evolution of species’ in business: From mice to elephants. The question of small enterprise development. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8(6), 1812-1824. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.6(28).16
Makreshanska-Mladenovska, S., & Petrevski, G. (2017). Decentralization, fiscal transfers and income inequality in central and eastern european countries. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 44-54.
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Monti, P. (2012). Labour mobility from the EU member countries: The impact on Italy. In: Free movement of workers and labour market adjustment: Recent experiences from OECD countries and the European Union. P.: OECD Publishing, 2012. Pp. 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264177185-8-en
Novikov S.V., Veas Iniesta D.S. (2018). State regulation of the development of the connectivity of the Russian territory. Espacios, 39(45) 8
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Palat, M. (2012). Effects of labour migration on economic development during economic downturn and recovery. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae EtSilviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, LX(7), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260070207
Ponomarev, V. A., & Petrov, M. V. (2019). Territorial interaction is the basis for the development of a small innovative enterprise and other territorial enterprises. Radio Industry (Russia), 29(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2019-29-1-61-66
Popova, S. V., Kutsov, A. V. (2018). Analysis of the migration situation and migration policy in the Italian Republic. Panorama, 31, 59-70.
Primakova, N. S. (2014). EU expansion and the situation with immigrants in Italy (2004-2013). Current Problems of Europe, 4, 44-72.
Romanova, O. A., Korovin, G. B., & Kuzmin, E. A. (2017). Analysis of the development prospects for the high-tech sector of the economy in the context of new industrialization. Espacios, 38(59), 25.
Sabatini, F., Ventura, M., Yamamura, E., & Zamparelli, L. (2017). Fairness and the unselfish demand for redistribution by taxpayers and welfare recipients. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 32-43.
Škuflić, L., Krpan, M., & Žmuk, B. (2018). Migration and the economic crisis in the European Union member states: Cluster analysis. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 979-1000. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(34)
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Todorov, G. N., Kalinina, A. V., & Rybakova, A. I. (2018). Impact of labour migration on entrepreneurship ecosystem: Case of Eurasian Economic Union. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(4), 992-1007. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.5.4(20)
Toomsalu, L., Tolmacheva, S., Vlasov, A., & Chernova, V. (2019). Determinants of innovations in small and medium enterprises: A European and international experience. Terra Economicus, 17(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.23683/2073-6606-2019-17-2-112-123
Trofimov, I. D. (2017). Stability of the labour shares: Evidence from OECD economies. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 1-20.
Tsareva, E. Yu. (2014). Socio-economic consequences of immigration in Italy. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 3(36), 103-109.
UNFPA State of World Population 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2016.
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Vakulenko, E. S. (2015). Econometric analysis of internal migration factors in Russia. Regionalnye issledovaniya=Regional Studies, 4(50), 83-95.
Vakulenko, Е., Mkrtchyan, N., Furmanov, К. (2011). Econometric analysis of internal migration in Russia. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), 7(2), 21-33.
Van Der Mensbrugghe, D., & Roland-Holst, D., (2009). Global economic prospects for increasing developing country migration into developed countries. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2009/50.
Varzhapetyan, A. G., Semenova, E. G., Fomina, A. V, Balashov, V. M., & Balashova, K. V. (2019). Assessing the quality and effectiveness of additional vocational education. Espacios, 40(2), 12.
Visco, I. (2008). Invecchiamento della popolazione, immigrazione e crescita economica. Rivista italiana economica degli Economisti, 13(2), 209-243.
Watanabe, M., Miyake, Y., & Yasuoka, M. (2018). Unemployment, income growth and social security. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 3(3), 21-30.
World Bank (2017). Migration and Remittances Data. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data
Zaychikova, N. A., & Lyubimova, M. M. (2018). Building an econometric multifactor model of international migration. International Journal of Advanced Studies, 8(3-2), 95-107.
Akberdina, V. V., Tretyakova, O. V, & Vlasov, A. I. (2017). A methodological approach to forecasting spatial distribution of workplaces in an industrial metropolis. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(4), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(4).2017.05
Balkyte, A., & Tvaronavičiene, M. (2011). The role of migration for sustainable developing economy: Lithuania in the EU context. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 1(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2011.1.2(6)
Belotelov, N. V. (2012). Model of interregional population migration. Modeling, Decomposition and Optimization of Complex Dynamic Processes, 27(1), 88-96.
Bove, V., & Elia, L. (2017). Migration, diversity and economic growth. World Development, 89, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.012
Čajka, P., Olejárová, B., & Čajková, A. (2018). Migration as a factor of Germany’s security and sustainability. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 7(3), 400-408. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.7.3(2)
Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K. E., & Mattoo, A. (2008). The contribution of skilled immigration and international graduate students to U.S. innovation. Review of International Economics, 16(3), 444-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00714.x
Chernova, V. Y., Andronova, I. V, Degtereva, E. A., Zobov, A. M., & Starostin, V. S. (2019). Integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): The influence of macroeconomic and political factors. Espacios, 40(16), 8.
Clark, K., & Drinkwater, S. (2008). The labour-market performance of recent migrants. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3), 495-516, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn023
Collier, P. (2013). Exodus: How migration is changing our world. Oxford University Press.
Dustmann, C., & Frattini, T. (2014). The fiscal effects of immigration to the UK. The Economic Journal, 124(580), F593–F643. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12181
Eurostat (2018). Labour cost index. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/lc_lci_r2_a
Fondazione Leone Moressa (2015). La ricchezza prodotta dagli immigrati. Retrieved from: http://www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/newsite/la-ricchezzaprodotta-dagli-immigrati.
Frattini, T. (2012). Immigrazione. Rivista di Politica Economica, 3, 363-407.
Gagnon, J. (2014). Demographic change and the future of the labour force in the EU27, other OECD countries and selected large emerging economies. In: OECD, & European Union (Eds.). Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264216501-5-en
Golini, A., Costa, S., Facchini, A., Faye, A. B., Le Fevre Cervini, E. M., Nasso, S., …, Tronchin, C. (2015). Report on the reception of migrants and refugees in Italy: Aspects, procedures, problems. Rome, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione.dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/
rapporto_accoglienza_eng_isbn_appendice_rev3b.pdf.
Guseva, V. E., Arbenina, T. I., & Chernova, V. Y. (2017). A method for the analysis and optimization of the matrix of professional competencies in fuel and energy complex (FEC). International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics, 38(4), 79-94.
Ho, G., & Shirono, K. (2015). The Nordic labor market model and the role of labor mobility and migration. IMF Working Paper № WP/15/254. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15254.pdf. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513528366.001
IMF (2015). International migration: Recent trends, economic impacts, and policy. Retrieved from: https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2015/111515background.pdf
In safety and dignity: Addressing large movements of refugees and migrants: Report of the Secretary-General, April 21, 2016. United Nations. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/pga/70/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/21-Apr_Refugees-and-Migrants-21-April-2016.pdf
Inglehart, R. F., Ponarin, E. D., & Ravlik, M. V. (2014). Regression models in evaluation of international migration factors. Sociological Studies, 11(367), 22-31.
International Migration Report 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.globalpoliticaleconomy.com/intellectual_migration.html
Istat (Istituto nazionale di statistica) (2012). Migrazioni internazionali e interne della popolazione residente. 28 dicembre. Retrieved from: http://www.istat.it/it/files/2012/12/Migrazioni_popolazione-residente.pdf.
Kanashchenkov A.I., Novikov S.V., Veas Iniesta D.S. (2019). Technology formation of the mission of micro-level management enterprise in aviation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 537 (4)
Kane, T., & Rutledge, Z. (2018). Immigration and economic performance across fifty U.S. states from 1980-2015. Working Paper 18112. Hoover institution, Stanford University. Retrieved from: https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/18112-kane-rutledge_updated.pdf
Korovkin, V. (2018). Migration as a factor of economic growth: Strategic approaches. The case of Russia. Moscow: IEMS Skolkovo. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3217079
Kreminskaya, E. D. (2014). European experience of migration policy (the case of the Italian Republic). Scientific Notes of Taurida National V. I. Vernadsky University. Series: Philosophy. Culturology. Political Sciences. Sociology, 27(1-2(66)), 340-345.
Lincényi, M. (2017). Entrepreneurship ecosystem facets: The European migrant crisis and public opinion in Slovakia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(2), 357-367. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2017.5.2(14)
Litau, E. (2017). ‘Evolution of species’ in business: From mice to elephants. The question of small enterprise development. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8(6), 1812-1824. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.6(28).16
Makreshanska-Mladenovska, S., & Petrevski, G. (2017). Decentralization, fiscal transfers and income inequality in central and eastern european countries. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 44-54.
Migration Council Australia (2015). The economic impact of migration 2015. Retrieved from: http://migrationcouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015_EIOM.pdf.
Mohapatra, S., Ratha, D., & Silwal A. (2010). Outlook for remittance flows 2011–2012. UnitWorld Bank: Migration and Remittances Unit.
Monti, P. (2012). Labour mobility from the EU member countries: The impact on Italy. In: Free movement of workers and labour market adjustment: Recent experiences from OECD countries and the European Union. P.: OECD Publishing, 2012. Pp. 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264177185-8-en
Novikov S.V., Veas Iniesta D.S. (2018). State regulation of the development of the connectivity of the Russian territory. Espacios, 39(45) 8
OECD (2013). The fiscal impact of immigration in OECD countries. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/IMO-2013-chap3-fiscal-impact-of-immigration.pdf.
OECD.Stat (2018). International Migration Database. Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIG
Orazbayev, S. (2017). Immigration barriers and net brain drain. Journal of Eurasian Social Dialogue, 2(1), 34-59.
Palat, M. (2012). Effects of labour migration on economic development during economic downturn and recovery. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae EtSilviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, LX(7), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260070207
Ponomarev, V. A., & Petrov, M. V. (2019). Territorial interaction is the basis for the development of a small innovative enterprise and other territorial enterprises. Radio Industry (Russia), 29(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2019-29-1-61-66
Popova, S. V., Kutsov, A. V. (2018). Analysis of the migration situation and migration policy in the Italian Republic. Panorama, 31, 59-70.
Primakova, N. S. (2014). EU expansion and the situation with immigrants in Italy (2004-2013). Current Problems of Europe, 4, 44-72.
Romanova, O. A., Korovin, G. B., & Kuzmin, E. A. (2017). Analysis of the development prospects for the high-tech sector of the economy in the context of new industrialization. Espacios, 38(59), 25.
Sabatini, F., Ventura, M., Yamamura, E., & Zamparelli, L. (2017). Fairness and the unselfish demand for redistribution by taxpayers and welfare recipients. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 32-43.
Škuflić, L., Krpan, M., & Žmuk, B. (2018). Migration and the economic crisis in the European Union member states: Cluster analysis. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(2), 979-1000. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(34)
Statista (2019). Percentage of illegal border-crossings between border-crossing points (BCPs) to the European Union (EU). Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/875519/european-union-migration-flow-by-main-route/
Todorov, G. N., Kalinina, A. V., & Rybakova, A. I. (2018). Impact of labour migration on entrepreneurship ecosystem: Case of Eurasian Economic Union. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 5(4), 992-1007. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.5.4(20)
Toomsalu, L., Tolmacheva, S., Vlasov, A., & Chernova, V. (2019). Determinants of innovations in small and medium enterprises: A European and international experience. Terra Economicus, 17(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.23683/2073-6606-2019-17-2-112-123
Trofimov, I. D. (2017). Stability of the labour shares: Evidence from OECD economies. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 2(6), 1-20.
Tsareva, E. Yu. (2014). Socio-economic consequences of immigration in Italy. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 3(36), 103-109.
UNFPA State of World Population 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2016.
UNHCR (2020). Most common nationalities of Mediterranean sea arrivals. Operation portal: Refugee Situations. Retrieved from: http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
Vakulenko, E. S. (2015). Econometric analysis of internal migration factors in Russia. Regionalnye issledovaniya=Regional Studies, 4(50), 83-95.
Vakulenko, Е., Mkrtchyan, N., Furmanov, К. (2011). Econometric analysis of internal migration in Russia. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), 7(2), 21-33.
Van Der Mensbrugghe, D., & Roland-Holst, D., (2009). Global economic prospects for increasing developing country migration into developed countries. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2009/50.
Varzhapetyan, A. G., Semenova, E. G., Fomina, A. V, Balashov, V. M., & Balashova, K. V. (2019). Assessing the quality and effectiveness of additional vocational education. Espacios, 40(2), 12.
Visco, I. (2008). Invecchiamento della popolazione, immigrazione e crescita economica. Rivista italiana economica degli Economisti, 13(2), 209-243.
Watanabe, M., Miyake, Y., & Yasuoka, M. (2018). Unemployment, income growth and social security. Journal of Eurasian Economic Dialogue, 3(3), 21-30.
World Bank (2017). Migration and Remittances Data. Retrieved from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data
Zaychikova, N. A., & Lyubimova, M. M. (2018). Building an econometric multifactor model of international migration. International Journal of Advanced Studies, 8(3-2), 95-107.
Published
2020-03-21
How to Cite
Tolmacheva, S. (2020). International Migration & Economic Development: The Case of EU Countries. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.27.03.11
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