A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Student Engagement at the University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Keywords:
Construct Validity, CFA, Employee Engagement, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
The research aims to examine the validity of four factors (course structure, course learning outcomes, Constructiveness of learning environment, and instructors' skills) about student engagement at the University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research applied the Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique to confirm and validate the four factors. The data of the small sample size of 380 students of business administration took place for analysis. These four factors consisting of 18 variables, have considered from the existing literature for examination. The research uses a survey questionnaire to collect the students' perception of these factors to validate the four-factor model. The study uses Convergent validity and Discriminant validity to construct validity. The research finding supports the construct of four-factors to confirm the model is adequately fit. The results of the research contribute to existing literature from the perspective of the students of the University of Hail, Saudi Arabia, and other similar institutions of the country and outside world. The research also has created the scope for further improvement by adding some more factors along with variables of equal importance.
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References
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Salmela-Aro, K. & Upadyaya, K. (2014). School Burnout and Engagement in the Context of Demands-Resources Model. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 137-151.
Siu, O., Bakker, A. & Jiang, X. (2014). Psychological Capital Among University Students: Relationships with Study Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 15, 979-994.
Steiger, J. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality And Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Stevens J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Strauser, D.R., O’Sullivan, D. Wong, A.W.K. (2012). Work personality, work engagement, and academic effort in a group of college students. J. Employ. Couns. 49, 50-61.
Tiffany A. Whittaker (2012) Using the Modification Index and Standardized Expected Parameter Change for Model Modification, The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(1), 26-44, DOI: 10.1080/00220973.2010.531299
Tschannen-Moran, M., Bankole, R. A., Mitchell, R. M. & Moore, D. M., J.R. (2013). Student Academic Optimism: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 51, 150-175.
Ugulu, I. (2013). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Testing Validity and Reliability of Traditional Knowledge Scale to Measure University Students' Attitudes. Educational Research and Reviews, 8, 1399-1408.
Vahedi, S., Farrokihi, F., & Bevrani, H. (2011). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Structure of Statistics Anxiety Measure: An Examination of Four Alternative Models. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 92-98.
Wang, Xuequn; French, Brian F.; and Clay, Paul F. (2015). Convergent and Discriminant
Validity with Formative Measurement: A Mediator Perspective. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. 1(14). DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1430453400 Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/jmasm/vol14/iss1/11
Wefald. A.J., Downey. R.G., (2009). Construct dimensionality of engagement and its relation with satisfaction. J. Psychol. 143, 91-111.
Widaman, K. (1984). Book Review: Using Multivariate Statistics Barbara G. Tabachnick and Linda S. Fidell New York: Harper & Row, 1983, 509 pp., $18.95. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8(1), 119-120. doi: 10.1177/014662168400800113
Yusoff M. S. B. (2012). The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure: A Confirmatory factory analsysis in a sample of Malaysian Medical Students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 2(16), 313-321.
Al-Kuwaiti, AA. (2014). Students evaluating teaching effectiveness process in Saudi Arabian medical colleges: A comparative study of students′ and faculty members perceptionFNx01. Saudi Journal of Medicine And Medical Sciences, 2(3), 166. doi: 10.4103/1658-631x.142513
Andre, M. S. (2012). A confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Latent Structure and Mesurement Invariance in the University of Utah’s Student Course Feedback Instrument, University of Utah. Master.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2010). IBM SPSS Amos 19 user's guide Chicago.
Austin, A. W. (1993). What matters in College: Four Critical Years Revisited? Jossey-Bass, SanF Francisco. C.A.
Bagozzi, R. (2010). Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution and humility in their use. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 208-214. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2010.03.001
Bagozzi, R., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. (1991). Assessing Construct Validity in Organizational Research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421. doi: 10.2307/2393203
Bakker, A., Sanz Vergel, A., & Kuntze, J. (2014). Student engagement and performance: A weekly diary study on the role of openness. Motivation And Emotion, 39(1), 49-62. doi: 10.1007/s11031-014-9422-5
Brown, T. A. 2006. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied sciences. New York.The Guilford Press.
Casuso-Holgado, M., Cuesta-Vargas, A., Moreno-Morales, N., Labajos-Manzanares, M., Barón-López, F., & Vega-Cuesta, M. (2013). The association between academic engagement and achievement in health sciences students. BMC Medical Education, 13(1). doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-13-33.
Hagell, P. (2014) Testing Rating Scale Unidimensionality Using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/t-Test Protocol with the Rasch Model: The Primacy of Theory over Statistics. Open Journal of Statistics, 4, 456-465.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Jöreskog, K. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183-202. doi: 10.1007/bf02289343
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). New York, Guilford Publications.
LaNasa, S., Cabrera, A., & Trangsrud, H. (2009). The Construct Validity of Student Engagement: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach. Research In Higher Education, 50(4), 315-332. doi: 10.1007/s11162-009-9123-1
LaNasa, S., Olson, E., & Alleman, N. (2007). The Impact of On-campus Student Growth on First-year Student Engagement and Success. Research In Higher Education, 48(8), 941-966. doi: 10.1007/s11162-007-9056-5.
Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Shi, D. (2017). Effect Sizes of Model Misfit in Structural Equation Models: Standardized Residual Covariances and Residual Correlations. Methodology, 13 (Supplement 1), 23–30. http://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000129
Meng, L., & Jin, Y. (2017). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students in a Chinese sample. Nurse Education Today, 49, 129-134. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.11.017
Piaw, C. Y. (2019). Statistik Penyelidikan Lanjutan (Volume 5). Malaysia.McGrae Hill.
Prudon, P. (2015) Confirmatory factor analysis as a tool in research using questionnaires: a critique. Comprehensive Psychology, 4, 10
Prudon, P. (2016). Testing Predicted Clusters. Comprehensive Psychology, 5, 216522281664623. doi: 10.1177/2165222816646237
Salehi, A., Harris, N. Marzban, M., & Coyne, E. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Scales Measuring Trust, and Control-Self-efficacy of Young Iranian Women. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 124, 1033-1047.
Salmela-Aro, K. & Upadyaya, K. (2014). School Burnout and Engagement in the Context of Demands-Resources Model. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 137-151.
Siu, O., Bakker, A. & Jiang, X. (2014). Psychological Capital Among University Students: Relationships with Study Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 15, 979-994.
Steiger, J. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality And Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
Stevens J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Strauser, D.R., O’Sullivan, D. Wong, A.W.K. (2012). Work personality, work engagement, and academic effort in a group of college students. J. Employ. Couns. 49, 50-61.
Tiffany A. Whittaker (2012) Using the Modification Index and Standardized Expected Parameter Change for Model Modification, The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(1), 26-44, DOI: 10.1080/00220973.2010.531299
Tschannen-Moran, M., Bankole, R. A., Mitchell, R. M. & Moore, D. M., J.R. (2013). Student Academic Optimism: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 51, 150-175.
Ugulu, I. (2013). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Testing Validity and Reliability of Traditional Knowledge Scale to Measure University Students' Attitudes. Educational Research and Reviews, 8, 1399-1408.
Vahedi, S., Farrokihi, F., & Bevrani, H. (2011). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Structure of Statistics Anxiety Measure: An Examination of Four Alternative Models. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 92-98.
Wang, Xuequn; French, Brian F.; and Clay, Paul F. (2015). Convergent and Discriminant
Validity with Formative Measurement: A Mediator Perspective. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods. 1(14). DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1430453400 Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/jmasm/vol14/iss1/11
Wefald. A.J., Downey. R.G., (2009). Construct dimensionality of engagement and its relation with satisfaction. J. Psychol. 143, 91-111.
Widaman, K. (1984). Book Review: Using Multivariate Statistics Barbara G. Tabachnick and Linda S. Fidell New York: Harper & Row, 1983, 509 pp., $18.95. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8(1), 119-120. doi: 10.1177/014662168400800113
Yusoff M. S. B. (2012). The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure: A Confirmatory factory analsysis in a sample of Malaysian Medical Students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 2(16), 313-321.
Published
2020-02-21
How to Cite
Singh, A. (2020). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Student Engagement at the University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. Amazonia Investiga, 9(26), 181-190. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.26.02.20
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