For the purposes of natural destination
management, the LAC methodology is certainly
the most progressive in comparison with the
widespread methodology for quantifying
recreational capacity and recreational load, both
in foreign and domestic practice. However, in
most studies, the object of its application is
national parks and route methods of their
recreational development (McCool & Cole,
1997). Most adherents of LAC ideology indicate
zoning and proper creation of places to visit
among the load management tools (Miller et al.,
2018; McCool & Cole, 1997). In turn, spatial
solutions, such as zoning, cannot be worked out
once and for all, but must be dynamic, based on
a system of continuous monitoring of the state of
natural complexes and recreational load (Miller
et al., 2018).
Conclusion
In the conditions of the dominance of amateur
tourism in the territories of natural reserves that
are not national parks, and are characterized by
the free movement of recreation subjects diverse
in goals, values and types of occupations, a
special approach to managing the tourist flow is
in demand. It should be based on the ideology
and methods of Limits of Acceptable Change in
combination with an assessment of the digression
of natural complexes and the potential threat of
reducing the biological diversity of biotopes.
For our and similar research objects – nature
reserves with an area–based method of
distributing amateur tourism flows - for effective
management, it seems appropriate to combine
zoning tools and operational monitoring of
natural complexes. Operational monitoring
should be based not on computational methods
for determining recreational capacity and load,
but on an assessment of the state of natural
complexes and components under recreational
influence. Moreover, the dynamism and
efficiency of such monitoring should be provided
by the methods of visual express observations,
the content of which combines the LAC
methodology and the assessment of the stage of
digression of natural complexes in combination
with an assessment of the potential threat of
reducing the biological diversity of the biotopes
of the territory.
Bibliographic references
Castellanos, D. C., Álvarez, V. B.,
Clemente, J. M., García Ucha, F. E., &
Fernández-Truan J. C (2017). Limits of
acceptable change of ecotourism in Punta del
Este, Isla de la Juventud (Cuba).
Investigaciones Turísticas, 13, pp. 96-113
https://doi.org/10.14198/INTURI2017.13.05
Chizhova, V. P. (2006). Permissible recreational
loads in protected natural territories of
Kamchatka. Geography and tourism:
collection of scientific papers (pp. 239-253).
Perm, Perm State University. (In Russian)
Chizhova, V. P. (2011). Recreational
landscapes: sustainability, rationing,
management. Smolensk, Russia: Oikumena.
Kalikhman, A.D., Pedersen, A.D.,
Savenkova, T.P., & Suknev, A.Y. (1999).
The Limits of Accept-able Changes
methodology in Baikal, the World Heritage
Site (in Russian). Ottisk, Irkutsk, 100 p. 16.
ISBN 5-93219-004-3. – EDN UOAQEP.
https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_00
0619512/
Kazanskaya, N. S. (1972). The study of
recreational digression of natural vegetation
groupings. Proceedings of the USSR
Academy of Sciences. Geography Series, 1,
52-59.
McCool, Stephen F. & Cole, David N. & Rocky
Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins,
Colo.). (1997). Proceedings--limits of
acceptable change and related planning
processes progress and future directions:
from a workshop held at the University of
Montana's Lubrecht Experimental
Forest Ogden, Utah (324 25th St., Ogden
84401): Rocky Mountain Research Station
Miller, M.L., Lieske, S.N., Carter, R. W., &
Walsh, S.J. (2018). Understanding the
Interaction Between a Protected Destination
System and Conservation Tourism Through
Remote Sensing. In S. Liang (Ed.), Remote
Sensing for Societal Benefits, Vol.9, pp. 123-
143. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
409548-9.10418-X
Shirokov, G. I., Kalikhman, A.D.,
Komissarova, N. V., & Savenkova, T.P.
(2002). Ecological tourism: Baikal. Baikal
region. Irkutsk: Ottisk. ISBN 593219-044-2
Stankey, G. H., Cole, D. N., Lucas, R. C.,
Petersen, M. E., & Frissell, S. S. (1985) The
limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for
wilderness planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-
176. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, 37 p.
Zabelina N. M. (2006). Scientific research in
national parks. Scientific research in nature
reserves and national parks of the Russian
Federation for 1998-2005, Issue 3. Part II. pp.
5-8. Moscow. ISBN 5-7640-0032-7