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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.23
How to Cite:
Hanba, O., Hanba, B., Andrushko, O., Denysovskyi, M., & Olytskyi, O. (2022). Trust, trust relations, legal relations: Correlation,
interrelation and manifestation in the work of law enforcement agencies of modern European States. Amazonia Investiga, 11(58),
212-221. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.23
Trust, trust relations, legal relations: Correlation, interrelation and
manifestation in the work of law enforcement agencies of modern
European States
Довіра, довірчі відносини, правові відносини: співвідношення, взаємозв’язок та
особливості прояву у сфері діяльності правоохоронних органів сучасних
європейських держав
Received: November 1, 2022 Accepted: November 28, 2022
Written by:
Oleh Hanba97
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-8284
Boris Hanba98
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5956-3399
Oleksandr Andrushko99
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-3427
Mykhailo Denysovskyi100
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-4190
Oleksandr Olytskyi101
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-1234
Abstract
The article explains the problematic issues of
definition, correlation, interconnection and
peculiarities of manifestation of trust, trust
relations, legal relations in the activity of law
enforcement agencies of modern European
states. It is emphasized that trust in law
enforcement agencies of any state cannot be
introduced by a powerful command or in a
violent way. It should gradually mature in the
minds of the subjects of trust under the influence
of a number of favorable factors. The
relationship between trust and trust relations in
activity of law enforcement agencies of modern
European states has been outlined. It is
emphasized that certain parties and properties of
trust affect the nature and content of trust
relations, their course and manifestations. The
characteristic features of trust relations in the
97
Doctor of Sciences in Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Theory of Law and Criminal Procedure Activity, Law
Enforcement Faculty, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi,
Ukraine.
98
PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of General Legal Disciplines and Humanities, Ivano-
Frankivsk Institute of Law, National University "Odessa Law Academy", Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
99
Doctor of Sciences in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory of Law and Criminal Procedure
Activity, Law Enforcement Faculty, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine.
100
PhD in Law, Head of the Law Department, Halytskyi College named after Vyacheslav Chornovil, Ternopil, Ukraine.
101
Doctor of philosophy, Lecturer of the Department of Theory of Law and Criminal Procedure Activity, Law Enforcement Faculty,
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine.
Hanba, O., Hanba, B., Andrushko, O., Denysovskyi, M., Olytskyi, O. / Volume 11 - Issue 58: 212-121 / October, 2022
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studied sphere have been distinguished, which
made it possible to formulate author's definition
of trust relations in the sphere of activity of law
enforcement agencies of modern European states
and to determine the requirements for them. The
ratio of trust and legal relations, as well as their
complementary influence, in particular through
separation of both common and different
features, has been revealed.
Keywords: trust, trust relations, legal relations,
law enforcement agencies, law enforcement
activity, civil society, state.
Introduction
At the turn of the centuries in the modern world,
interest in the study of the problem of social trust
in general and trust in law enforcement agencies
in particular has increased. These problems are
actively researched within the scientific
discourse of various fields of knowledge,
including jurisprudence. After all, maintaining a
high level of social trust in any power structures
is necessary to ensure the stability of social
development, harmonization of social relations
and to create proper conditions for large-scale
structural changes in the public or state life of any
country.
Increasing interest in the systematic study of
various manifestations, parties and varieties of
social trust is also due to the intensification of
democratic processes, decentralization of state
power in many countries of modern Europe and
individual states of the post-Soviet space,
intensive development of their civil societies, as
evidenced by the recent events of 2020-2021 in
the republics Belarus, Kazakhstan, etc.
(Holovakha et al., 2014).
The reason for the in-depth study of trust, trust
relations and other related phenomena is also
caused by a number of negative factors taking
place in the social life of some modern European
states. First of all, these are the following:
increased risks and threats caused by the
aggressive policy of certain states, which
generates tension, political instability and
military conflicts; significant corruption of
power structures and law enforcement agencies;
low level of effectiveness of their activity in
protecting the rights, freedoms, interests of
citizens and other subjects of civil society, etc.
These and other factors create an atmosphere of
mistrust in some societies, which causes
conservatism and social isolation of certain
subjects of civil society, limitations of interaction
and exchange of positive information between
them and state bodies, degradation of social and
legal relations, in particular, curtailment of other
communications between various social subjects,
etc. (Holovakha et al., 2014).
The war of aggression of the russian federation
against Ukraine is a new negative factor that has
made the need to study trust issues as urgent as
possible. Having maximally consolidated the
efforts of civil society and the state to overcome
the military aggression of the enemy with the
help of the fraternal democratic states of the
World, the war revealed new angles of trust.
Thus, in connection with the heroic confrontation
of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the National
Guard of Ukraine, the State Border Guard
Service of Ukraine and other military formations
and law enforcement agencies, the level of trust
in them on the part of the people of Ukraine and
the world community has increased to the
maximum.
There is also a complete loss of trust (which has
turned into mistrust) towards individual
representatives of state authorities at the regional
and local levels and law enforcement agencies of
Ukraine, who for various reasons have taken the
path of collaboration - a direct betrayal of the
interests of the people of Ukraine. This
transformation of trust into mistrust causes legal
consequences in the form of bringing guilty
persons to criminal responsibility, and
corresponding growth of trust relations into
criminal-legal ones.
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These problems will become the subject of our
new scientific research after the final victory over
the enemy by Ukraine and all the progressive
states of the World. Therefore, increasing the
significance and the level of trust in the
extremely difficult conditions of today,
expanding the scope of its application, primarily
in the activity of law enforcement agencies of
modern European states, led to the scientific need
for an in-depth study of its connections with trust
and legal relations, their mutual influence and
interdependence in order to find effective ways
of modern state formation (Yaremenko, 2009).
Literature review
The study of problematic issues of trust in power
structures, including law enforcement agencies
of modern states was envisaged by such scientists
as: G. Andrushchenko, I. Bekeshkina,
O. Volyanska, E. Holovakha have devoted their
scientific works to V. Dodonova, N. Kostenko,
S. Makeeva, I. Pidkurkova, A. Seligmen,
T. Suprunets, E. Ullmann-Margalit,
F. Fukuyama, V. Yaremenko. Particular issues of
functioning of the Ukrainian border guard
agency withn the system if the Ministry of
Interior was considered by Balendr (2018),
Balendr et al., (2019), Didenko et al. (2020);
Komarnytska et al. (2019). However, they did
not pay attention to the question of trust in the
law enforcement agencies of the respective states
as the basis of their fruitful interaction with
subjects and institutions of civil society, as well
as the basis for the emergence and transformation
of trust relations (a specific type of social
relations) into legal ones and relationship
between them.
Therefore, the purpose of the article is to clarify
the problematic issues of the manifestation of
trust, correlation and interconnection of trust and
legal relations in the field of law enforcement
agencies of modern European states.
In order to realize the purpose, it is necessary to
solve the following tasks:
analyze modern scientific views on the
phenomenon of trust in law enforcement
agencies;
find out the essence of trust as a basis for the
formation of trust relations;
characterize certain types of trust that give rise to
trust relations, and offer the author's definition of
them;
outline the interrelations of trust and trust
relations in the field of law enforcement agencies
of modern European states;
to single out the characteristic signs of trust
relations in the researched area;
formulate the author's definition of trust relations
in the activity of law enforcement agencies of
modern European states and determine the
requirements for them;
reveal the relationship of trust and legal relations,
as well as their complementary influence by
highlighting both common and distinctive
features;
consider certain problems of mutual influence of
trust and legal relations in the activity of law
enforcement agencies of modern European
states.
Materials and methods
The accuracy of the results and conclusions
obtained in scientific work was provided by a
complex of selected methodological tools. Using
the methods of structural and functional, formal-
logical, special-legal analysis modern scientific
views on the phenomenon of trust in law
enforcement agencies have been analyzed, the
essence of trust as the basis of formation of trust
relations, the interconnection of trust and trust
relations in the activity of law enforcement
agencies of modern European states have been
clarified. Also, the characteristics of trust
relations in the studied sphere have been
distinguished, the author's definition of trust
relations in the sphere of activity of law
enforcement agencies of modern European states
has been formulated and the requirements for
them have been determined.
The combination of comparative-legal as a key
one, as well as already mentioned special-legal,
formal-logical and structural-functional methods
contributed to reveal of the ratio of trust and legal
relations, as well as their complementary
influence by separation of both general and
different features; coverage of certain problems
of mutual influence of trust and legal relations in
the sphere of activity of law enforcement
agencies of modern European states.
Methods of classification and grouping in
combination with already named methods were
used in the characteristics of types of trust in law
enforcement agencies, namely, internal and
external, which facilitate development of trust
relationships, as well as their subspecies.
Results and Discussion
In the modern conditions of state formation, it is
impossible to maintain a proper balance of
cooperation between society and the state for a
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long time, to harmonize social relations in the
conditions of objectively existing contradictions
between public and state interests, only by
forceful methods. A much better result is a
combination of coercion and persuasion. As
Seligmen (2002) rightly points out: "Power,
domination and violence solve only for a while
the problem of maintaining social order,
organizing the division of labor, etc. However,
they are unable to provide a high-quality social
basis for maintaining such an order in the long
term" (Seligmen, 2002).
The specified basis for ensuring solidarity and
order is the establishment of social harmony
based on mutual trust between state structures of
different orientations of functioning and subjects
and institutions of civil society of the respective
state. The basis of stabilization of public trust in
Western democracies is close control by civil
society over the activities of state bodies at
various levels (Holovakha et al., 2014), including
law enforcement.
Trust in various subjects of law enforcement
agencies of the state is based on the recognition
of the professionalism, legality, fairness and
objectivity of their operational and official
activities in the performance of their tasks and
functions as those that correspond to the values
and norms generally recognized in a civilized
self-sufficient society.
Trust cannot be imposed on any subjects by
forceful methods, introduced by law or other
authoritative instructions. It should gradually
mature in the minds of people and their
associations, be formed with the help of
educational methods, propaganda with the help
of mass media, based on the successes of the
relevant law enforcement agencies. The
elimination of the causes of mistrust, which were
formed both in the past and in the conditions of
the present, is of great importance in spreading
this trust. Thus, the current low level of trust in
individual law enforcement agencies and other
power structures in some post-Soviet states
(Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan, the russian
federation, etc.) is largely due to the echo of a
pathological fear of them that took place in the
relatively recent past, in which a person was
completely defenseless before the Soviet
totalitarian machine of violence and repression
(Shumylo, 2014).
Such fear, unfortunately, returned again in the
realities of public life in the mentioned and other
states.
The spread of trust in law enforcement agencies
is also hindered by hyperbolization of the
brutality and corruption of their activity in the
opposition mass media, especially in low-level
feature films and tabloid literature, which alarms
ordinary citizens, produces in them a negative
attitude towards the law enforcement system of
the respective state, inhibiting formation and
spread of confidence in its subjects.
Gradually maturing in the minds of individual
and collective subjects, trust in the law
enforcement agencies of any state goes through a
number of stages. Agreeing in general with
Simmell (1996) and other scientists regarding the
existence of three temporal modes in the
formation of trust, we clarify that it: a) begins in
the past on the basis of acquired knowledge about
the object of trust and own acquired experience
thanks to contact with it or similar objects;
b) continues in the present tense as an objectively
existing reality; c) directed to the future in the
form of a credit of trust to the relevant law
enforcement agency or structural element
(Holovakha et al., 2014).
Supporting the position of Bekeshkina (2000), it
is worth agreeing that the credit of trust is an
expectation in the future of more positive
intentions, actions, decisions from the object of
trust between those existing today and in the past
(Bekeshkina, 2000).
As the practice of sociological research shows,
the credit of trust applies, first of all, to newly
created or reformed law enforcement agencies, or
those in which the leadership of especially
central and regional, as well as local agencies has
been completely updated in connection with the
change in the political course of the respective
states. An eloquent testimony to the above is the
increase in the level of trust in law enforcement
agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2020
compared to 2019 after President Kassym-Jomart
Tokayev took office (Ranking, 2021).
It is trust that serves as the basis for the formation
of trust relations, which are a type of social
relations. Any social relations (moral, customary,
traditional, religious, individual corporate, etc.)
do not arise by themselves from nothing
(Skakun, 2016). Their emergence, change and
termination are related to specific life
circumstances, so-called social facts. This is the
social fact that trust is used in our research. Its
presence gives rise to the emergence and change
of trust relations between the relevant subjects
and objects represented by law enforcement
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agencies and their structural elements
(employees, management, units, etc.).
However, if the emergence and change of trust
relations is caused by trust, then their termination
is caused by mistrust, which Polish researcher
Sztompka defines as a state in which the subject
of the survey refrains from both manifestations
of trust and from expressing direct mistrust
(Hardin, 2002). This uncertainty also causes the
absence or termination of trust relations.
Sometimes mistrust gives rise to a reorientation
of the subject of trust to another object due to the
disappointment of his expectations and hopes
(for example, due to the unprofessionalism of the
investigator, the victim turns to his boss with a
request to replace the latter).
Different types of trust that give rise to trust
relations affect their nature and content. Thus, the
most stable and long-lasting trust relations are
caused by bilateral internal trust. At the same
time, bilateral trust, in our opinion, is
characterized by its mutual orientation between
the subject and the object of trust, their mutual
expectations of the positive, which is explained
by the combination and uniformity of the
performed official tasks and functions, the
commonality and interdependence of the official
powers of employees and other subjects and
objects of a law enforcement agency.
Internal trust in law enforcement agencies is a
state of expectation of a certain subject of trust
(employee, manager, etc.) from the object of trust
(such as similar persons or structural components
of a specific law enforcement agency) of positive
intentions of actions and decisions in favor of the
subject of trust, other individuals, society or the
state in general.
Internal trust in the field of law enforcement
activities of the state contributes to the formation
of vertical and horizontal trust relations, which in
turn contributes to the consolidation of units and
awareness of their involvement in achieving a
common goal, strengthening solidarity and
fruitful interaction between individual
employees, units and law enforcement agencies
of the security and defense sector of the
respective states (Holovakha et al., 2014).
Vertical trust relations caused by internal trust
also contribute to the strengthening of vertical
subordinate relations in the environment of law
enforcement agencies between the superior and
subordinates of different levels of subordination,
which qualitatively reflect on their relations and
work results.
Therefore, the mutual conditionality of the
interests and goals of the subjects and objects of
trust in the field of law enforcement generates
long-term and high-quality trust relations.
External trust in law enforcement agencies, in
our opinion, should be understood as the state of
expectation of a certain subject of trust, who is
not his employee, from the object of trust - a
specific law enforcement agency (his employee,
the head of a structural unit, etc.) of the reliability
of positive intentions, actions and decisions in
favor of the subject of trust or other persons who
are ready to interact.
External trust is mostly one-sided, as it is
produced mostly unilaterally only by the subject
of external trust (for example, the trust of an
average citizen to a precinct inspector of the
border service, a car driver to a police officer,
etc.). The specified characteristics of trust, in
turn, give rise to changeable, spontaneous,
unstable trust relations, which, as a rule, are
unable to maintain long-term stable relations of
interaction between the subject and the object of
trust in the field of law enforcement agencies. In
many cases, it is spontaneous, reflexive,
changeable, which is rightly emphasized by
Ullmann-Margalit (2004).
The existence of external trust relations and their
duration are significantly influenced by relevant
negative subjective and objective factors, which
include: unprofessional assessment of the quality
of work of a law enforcement agency (its
employee, manager, etc.); own acquired
unsatisfactory experience of contact with him;
low evaluation of his work in mass media;
critical public statements of employees of the
relevant law enforcement agency regarding the
conditions of service in its environment; negative
assessment of methods and means of activity;
facts of a poor-quality change in the leadership of
a unit or a law enforcement agency; unsuccessful
replacement of a responsible law enforcement
officer; reorientation to forceful methods of work
of law enforcement agencies as a result of a
change in the state's political course; low level of
competence of employees and management of a
separate law enforcement agency etc.
These and other factors significantly reduce the
quality of trust relations, and, accordingly, the
level, depth and diversity of relations between
law enforcement agencies and the subjects and
institutions of civil society of a particular state.
Therefore, it is no coincidence that the well-
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known Polish researcher Sztompka notes that
strengthening the relationship between the
subject and the object of trust is a positive
function of trust (Hardin, 2002).
Also Fukuyama (2004) calls trust relations the
most important component of social capital,
which contributes to the economic progress of
society. Some domestic scientists have a similar
opinion. Thus, Volyanska and Pidkurkova
(2018) point out that institutional trust, in
particular in law enforcement agencies, is not
only a social indicator of the level of trust
relations between subjects and institutions of
civil society and law enforcement agencies, but
also the main condition of social
communications, thanks to which agreement,
mutual understanding and constructive dialogue
of the parties is achieved, aimed at finding new
opportunities for fruitful cooperation (Volyanska
and Pidkurkova, 2018).
Suprunets (2015) also emphasizes that the
successful functioning of modern societies is
influenced by a number of factors related to the
formation and reproduction of trust and trust
relations. Speaking about the importance of trust
relations in ensuring the subject's identity,
Dodonova (2017) states that the problem of trust
is a cross section of the problem of identity and
the problem of the "Other", which have emerged
very acutely in certain modern societies. "Since
trust is an informal social relationship that is
based on choice and voluntariness, the
disorientation of trust relationships leads to the
loss of a sense of identity" (Suprunets, 2015).
Based on the analysis of the above, it is possible
to outline the following relations of trust and trust
relations in the field of law enforcement activities
of modern European states:
1) the higher the level of trust, the closer are the
trust relationship between its subject and
object;
2) trust is the basis for the emergence, change
and reorientation of trust relations from one
object to another;
3) the basis for termination of trust relations is
mistrust or distrust;
4) general (abstract) impersonal trust can exist
autonomously, without causing the
emergence of trust relations;
5) trust may continue to exist even after the end
of the trust relationship due to the
termination of business relations between
specific subjects and objects of the law
enforcement system (for example, as a state
of friendly and benevolent relations between
specific employees of different divisions of
the same law enforcement body);
6) the minimization of trust or its transfer to
another object entails the minimization or
termination of trust relations with the object,
which for various reasons did not meet the
expectations of the subject of trust (for
example, an employee of a law enforcement
agency due to incompetence did not satisfy
the legal requirements of the sub object of
trust regarding compensation for damages
caused to him).
Therefore, certain parties and properties of trust
affect the nature and content of trust relations,
their course and manifestations. The stated
provisions make it possible to highlight the
following characteristic features of the trust
relations we are investigating:
a) they are a type of social relations, as they
arise between people and their associations
(Kozyubry, 2016; Soroka et al., 2019);
b) tend mostly to moral and ethical relations, as
they are based on honesty,
conscientiousness, responsibility, justice,
moral obligation (Fukuyama, 2004);
c) their participants are not bound by
universally binding rights and obligations,
and trust relationships are based on mutual
respect, trustworthiness, positive experience
of communication with the object of trust,
etc.;
d) their implementation is ensured by internal
conviction, moral obligations, upbringing,
level of general and professional culture of
the relevant subjects and objects of trust
relations, etc.;
e) the state does not ensure the emergence,
existence and implementation of trust
relations through its legal coercion, but only
creates conditions for their emergence,
maintenance, stabilization, distribution,
popularization of expediency and social
significance in the field of law enforcement
agencies;
f) the most effective and efficient trust
relations are generated by bilateral internal
communication, which holds a key place
among subjects and objects of trust in the
sphere of activity of law enforcement
agencies of modern European states (Hanba
& Bomberger, 2021; Hanba, 2022);
g) external participants in trust relations can be
any social subjects without limitation, whose
interests to a certain extent fall within the
sphere of activity of the law enforcement
bodies of the relevant European state;
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h) the emergence, reorientation and
termination of trust relations is voluntary on
the part of the subject of trust and is based
on its inner conviction and expression of
will;
i) the guarantee of the quality and stability of
trust relations between the subject and the
object of trust is the possibility of assessing
the consequences and monitoring the actions
of the object of trust as a counterparty
(Andrushchenko, 2009).
After analyzing and summarizing the presented
features, it is possible to formulate the following
definition of trust relations in the researched area
- this is a type of social relations of a moral and
ethical nature, the participants of which are
subjects and objects of trust, which are not
connected to each other by universally binding,
state-guaranteed rights and duties and which are
ensured by internal conviction,
conscientiousness, honesty and other moral and
ethical means, in order to realize mutual (or one-
sided) expectations of positive intentions, actions
and decisions in order to establish interaction,
cooperation and other communicative
connections in the field of law enforcement
activities bodies of modern European states.
The definition of trust and trust relations
highlighted by us should contribute to further
increase of proper interaction and other
communicative connections between all subjects
and objects of trust of the law enforcement
systems of European states, which in turn will
activate the efficiency and systematic character
of their activities. The above makes it necessary
to outline the following requirements for trust
relations in the researched area:
stability;
systemic prevalence among all subjects of law
enforcement agencies;
openness and benevolence;
mutual conditionality;
their linear development (continuity of
existence);
mutual initiation of their maintenance and
deepening among various subjects of law
enforcement activities.
Trust relations are closely related to legal ones,
as they contribute to the qualitative and
systematic implementation of the latter, thereby
increasing the effectiveness of the activities of
law enforcement agencies in general, as well as
their divisions and individual employees in
particular. Therefore, it is important to analyze
the ratio of trust and legal relations, their
complementary influence by highlighting
common and distinctive features.
In our opinion, the following should be included
among the general features of the mentioned
relations:
1) both trust and legal relations are types of
social relations, as they arise and are
implemented between people;
2) both of them perform the main function of
regulating the behavior of people and their
associations;
3) they pursue a single goal - to establish,
maintain and harmonize social relations in
society and the state in the interests of a man;
4) both of these relations are ideological, since
even before their emergence they pass
through the consciousness of the relevant
subjects, in which they are formed in the
form of models of social behavior (Hanba,
2020; Hanba, Liashuk, Balendr & Olytskyi,
2022);
5) both of the specified types of social relations
are conscious-volitional relations, since they
arise and are implemented on the basis of the
will of at least one of their participants;
6) trust and legal relations are based on the
same evaluation category - justice.
Distinctive features of trust and legal relations, in
our opinion, are the following:
1. If trust relations are formed spontaneously,
on the basis of trust, then legal relations,
maturing in society, are recognized or
established by the state as universally
binding models of behavior.
2. Trust relations are based on the expectation
of positive intentions, actions, decisions,
which is aimed at the internal moral and
ethical world of the object of trust,
represented by a law enforcement agency, its
manager, employee, etc. Legal relations
regulate the external form of human
behavior in the law enforcement sphere of
state activity.
3. Trust relations do not find their written
confirmation in any special acts, as they
exist in the minds of subjects and objects of
trust. And models of legal relations are
necessarily fixed in various legal acts and
other sources of law in the form of specific
norms. At the same time, the results of their
implementation are in law enforcement acts
issued by the relevant officials and officials
of the law enforcement system of a certain
state.
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4. If trust relations do not require the
intervention of the state in their provision,
since they are based on the voluntary basis
of a certain subject, then the legal
relationship is ensured by the state, the
possibility of applying its legal coercion to
violators of subjective legal rights and their
non-compliance with subjective legal
obligation, provided by the prescriptions of
the legal norm.
5. If trust relations arise on the basis of trust,
and are terminated and transformed on the
basis of mistrust, then legal relations arise,
change and terminate on the basis of specific
life circumstances established by the
legislator in hypotheses of legal norms and
as legal facts.
6. If any persons can act as subjects of external
trust in trust relations on the part of civil
society institutions: minors, persons with
limited legal capacity, etc., then only
persons possessing legal personality (legal
capacity, active legal capacity and tortious
capacity) can be participants in legal
relations.
The differences between trust and legal relations
highlighted by us do not mean that there are any
antagonisms, incompatibilities, etc. between
them. On the contrary, their parallel temporal
existence in the field of law enforcement
activities of modern European states implies
close mutual influence and interdependence.
Therefore, there is a need to dwell in more detail
on the problems of analyzing the mutual
influence of trust and legal relations in the
researched area:
a) trust relations accelerate the maturation of
the prerequisites for the emergence of legal
relations between the relevant subjects of the
law enforcement system;
b) trust relations contribute to the spread of
legal relations, their diversity, thanks to the
establishment of friendly relations and the
benevolent attitude of the subjects of the law
enforcement system to each other;
c) they contribute to the high-quality and
complete implementation of legal relations
in the law enforcement sphere;
d) the specified relationship helps the subject of
trust in a more in-depth study of the business
qualities and level of competence of the
object of trust;
e) trust relations ensure the openness and
transparency of law-regulatory policy in the
sphere of activity of the entire system of
state law enforcement bodies;
f) high-quality and effective implementation of
legal relations for the benefit of trust
subjects, in turn, contributes to the
deepening and stabilization of trust and trust
relations;
g) trust relations between subjects and
institutions of civil society and law
enforcement agencies, various structures of
which are embodied in objects of trust,
strengthen legal ties and raise the level of
their individual and professional legal
culture. This increases the intensification,
depth and quality of legal regulation and,
accordingly, the appropriate level of legal
relations.
Conclusions
So, summing up the analysis and generalization
of the presented problems, it is possible to reach
the following conclusions:
1. Social trust in law enforcement agencies in
any state cannot be established by imperious
command or by force. It should gradually
mature in the minds of trust subjects under
the influence of a number of subjective and
objective factors.
2. Trust causes the emergence and change of
both vertical and horizontal trust relations in
the field we are studying, and their
reorientation and termination is caused by
mistrust and distrust.
3. Specific types of trust affect the nature and
content of trust relations. The most stable,
sustainable and long-lasting trust relations in
the researched area are generated by internal
bilateral trust.
4. Trust and trust relations are closely related
to each other, which determines their joint
existence and mutual influence.
5. Trust relations are characterized by a
number of specific features, the outline and
analysis of which made it possible to
formulate their author's definition.
6. The requirements outlined by us for trust
relations in the field of law enforcement
activities of modern European states will
contribute to the determination of national
means of deepening and improving them.
7. Trust relations are closely related to legal
ones, which is clearly demonstrated by
highlighting their common and distinctive
features.
8. Trust and legal relations are in a state of
constant dynamic and multifaceted mutual
influence, which enriches the palette of their
coexistence.
220
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