Volume 11 - Issue 58
/ October 2022
65
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.7
How to Cite:
Naidon, Y., Naumiuk, S., Rybynskyi, Y., Kravchenko, O., & Buriak, N. (2022). Destructive information influence and its
implementation. Amazonia Investiga, 11(58), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.7
Destructive information influence and its implementation
Деструктивний інформаційний вплив та його реалізація
Received: October 3, 2022 Accepted: November 10, 2022
Written by:
Yuliana Naidon27
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1076-0471
Serhii Naumiuk28
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-0946
Yevhenii Rybynskyi29
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-0142
Olena Kravchenko30
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-1022
Nataliia Buriak31
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-8087
Abstract
With the dynamic development of political,
economic and military processes, the guarantee
of the national security in the information space
is an essential element that significantly changes
the appropriate functioning of any country. The
current state of affairs in the context of the
mainstreaming of the Ukrainian factor in the
information warfare requires improvements of
state institutions to counter Russian Federation
destructive informational influence and its
special information operations. Taking into
account theoretical and applied research on the
issue, it is worth mentioning that destructive
information impact requires a systematic and
integrated approach to problem solving. In the
research authors investigate theoretical aspects
of destructive informational influence and
determine prior directions of the use in
information warfare against Ukraine by Russian
Federation. Scientific methods of modern
epistemology are applied in accordance with the
aim of the research. On the methodological basis
of the study, the cognitive theory as a
fundamental principle is used by experts in the
field of information security. The results of
analysis of theoretical research aspects of
Ukrainian and foreign scholars determine
priorities for the enemy to use destructive
27
Doctor of Science in Law, Associate Professor, Vice-rector for scientific work, National Academy of the Security Service of
Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
28
Ph.D (Law), Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
29
Ph.D (Law), Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
30
Ph.D (Law), National Academy of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
31
Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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informational influence on Ukraine and the most
vulnerable areas in information space of the
country.
Key words: information security, destructive
informational influence, special information
operations, national security of Ukraine,
democratic society, cyberterrorism.
Introduction
The great power rivalry to possess the
information resource in a world-wide spectrum
space is becoming an arena of a fierce
geopolitical strategic competition, an effective
tool to influence and enhance the international
community, public opinion and state national
security.
The analysis in the sphere of secure national
security indicates that in spite of using current
military operations, the enemy disseminates
controversial information using electronic, social
and other networks to achieve its strategic and
tactical goals. Such networks can be used to
withhold political, economic, and psychological
enforcement and malicious distortion of the
citizens’ critical perception.
Fundamentals of the destruction of the decent
governance and psyche destruction of world
society membership are generated into the
process of implementing destructive
informational influence.
Theoretical knowledge and practical application
in spheres of policy, economy, military, special
services and law enforcement agencies are used
in the drafting of special information operations.
For this reason, advanced technologies and
psychological techniques can be applied in
combination with specific capabilities of security
and defense forces and can cause a significant
response in the society.
The implementation of such actions and
operations can lead to destabilization of the
political situation in a particular region and state;
can discredit a country on the international level.
Furthermore, it can lead to the emergence of
social tension and conflicts, military defeats on
local and global scale. In long term perspectives
it can lead to a gradual change of public
consciousness, distortion of the national
ideology, loss of national identity, and can be
evoked with biased and malicious memories. It
should be pointed out that in short- and long-term
perspectives, the issues of changing political,
economic, military, scientific and other elites can
be decided simultaneously.
The organized systematic and comprehensive
disinformation by Russian law enforcement
bodies is an urgent and high priority threat to
Ukraine sovereignty and territorial integrity. The
above-mentioned study requires the normative
legal regulation improvement of the information
dissemination, the procedure of information
access restriction in cases of false information;
methodology and legal research to bring to
justice the agents involved in the information
dissemination.
Ukraine has faced a number of challenges and
threats caused by the destructive informational
influence. In particular, they are the complex of
critical perception of the information, the
growing public distrust to news and media,
declining trust in democratic institutions, ruling
elite, Armed Forces of Ukraine and law
enforcement agencies, etc.
The destructive informational influence that
accompanies external armed aggression and
takes place in the internal information space of
Ukraine has goals to strengthen anti-Ukrainian
positions through targeted pressure on state
agencies, to enhance society polarization and to
substitute traditional national values. In the
Naidon, Y., Naumiuk, S., Rybynskyi, Y., Kravchenko, O., Buriak, N. / Volume 11 - Issue 58: 65-73 / October, 2022
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context of counteracting such an influence, there
is a dispute in relation to the limits of state
intervention in the information sphere.
Meanwhile the democracy can exist only if
media are strong and independent; the guarantee
of the rights to freedom of speech and
expression; the adherence to democratic
principles in the context of weapons escalation of
the so-called “mass information destruction”.
The issue of countering destructive informational
influence, systematic disinformation is discussed
at the national and global levels with the
participation of representatives of international
institutions and profound experts. Such approach
is quite effective, especially for so-called
“young” democratic countries.
Оur analysis of law enforcement practices to
ensure information security as an element of
national security in the European Union gives a
ground to believe that a unified model of
developing an international security system is
lacking. (Svitlana, Onyshchuk,
Onyshchuk & Chernysh, 2020; Vlasenko,
Chernysh, Dergach, Lobunets & Kurylо, 2020;
Chernysh, Pogrebnaya, Montrin, Koval &
Paramonova, 2020; Chernysh, Prozorov,
Tytarenko, Matsiuk & Lebedev, 2022).
Given the above mentioned, there is a
fundamental principle for a comprehensive
generalization of previously developed
theoretical researched issues and modeling of the
effective system of counteraction to destructive
informational influence.
Methods of the research
A polymethodological approach was used for the
research. It covers the following groups of
methods: general philosophical (dialectical,
phenomenological, axiological, hermeneutic,
anthropological, synergistic, etc.); general
scientific (abstraction, analysis and synthesis,
system analysis, etc.); special (questionnaires,
content analysis, deontic, etc.); legal (historical-
legal, comparative-legal, formal-dogmatic, etc.).
In particular, with the help of the dialectical
method, the environment of destructive
information influence was investigated, its
numerous connections with social processes,
dependence on socio-economic, political,
international and other factors were traced. Using
the hermeneutic method, the meaning of the main
categories used in the field of information
relations was determined. The methods of
analysis and synthesis were used to clarify the
content of the institution of the implementation
of destructive information influence, as a
component of the subject of ensuring the state
security of Ukraine. The system-structural
approach became the basis of the analysis of
various tools, methods and means of destructive
information influence in their relationship.
Results and discussion
Considering the rapid process of information and
communication technologies development,
outstanding scientists draw the attention to the
information research use in vital areas of public
life.
Information is one of the core elements of the
interaction between the individual and the state.
In the matter of armed conflict, it becomes an
important tool for conducting “hybrid warfare”,
which performs public opinion and acts as a
booster of protest potential.
Nowadays, the multi-spectral approach of the
information sphere cannot be regarded without
informational influence, as well as destructive
nature. Its implementation by the opposing side
is caused by the requirement to achieve certain
goals in short- or long-term prospects.
Since the proclamation of independence of
Ukraine, a rapid evolution from total control to
democracy has begun. However, in spite of
positive changes, serious negative impacts have
arisen. Such changes produce threats to national
sovereignty, territorial integrity of Ukraine and
other elements of national security. External
armed aggression boosted these acts.
The result of the enemy deliberate destructive
influence on citizens’ consciousness and
subconsciousness is the support of aggression by
individuals, motivation to commit acts of
disobedience and other illegal actions. At the
same time, Ukrainians who have free access to
essential information resources, due to some
activities and lack of some knowledge how to use
information technologies, haven’t become aware
about destructive informational influence as an
element of information warfare and the
information flow from different sources.
It was German psychologist and psychoanalyst
E. Fromm who first introduced the concept
“destructiveness” in the scientific terminology as
a malignant form of aggression and destruction.
In his research, he argued that “destructiveness is
not an innate human instinct; it is the duty that is
born by an individual” (Fromm, 2019).
According to the E. Fromm’s theory, it should be
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stated that destructiveness is not only the duty
that is born by an individual, but also the duty
that is used by an individual at personal and
social levels with the aim of informational
influence.
The traditional aspects of destructive
informational influence are: ideological and
psychological environment in society; resources
that disclose spiritual, cultural, historical and
other values, state and nation achievements in
different spheres; information infrastructure;
systems that form public consciousness and
public opinion; the system of development and
adoption of political decisions; human
consciousness and behavior (Petryk, 2009). In
the process of implementing destructive
informational influence, some aspects are also
added, which are: specific target audience, the
psyche of the political elites and population of
the confronted states, administrative decision-
making process in the field of national security.
The main priorities of destructive informational
influence are: manipulation of public
consciousness and state political orientation;
social destabilization; the conflict of interests
between public authorities; the conflict of social,
political, national-ethnic and religious-
confessional groups; discrediting facts of the
historical and national identity; changing
worldviews and values; creating a spiritual
atmosphere; undermining international state
authority; formation of preconditions for
economic, military or spiritual defeat;
undermining morale and psychological stability
of the population; defense capability and combat
state potential.
Taking into account the activities of special
services during warfare, it is also advisable to
blend in national special services activities and
law enforcement agencies to the sphere of
destructive informational influence and leveling
the results achieved by them.
Nowadays, such influence is widely produced by
the aggressor during information warfare, which
is a kind of hostilities, tools and methods of
information processing that are applied as a kind
of weapons, allowing deliberately, quickly and
secretly to influence military and civilian
information systems in order to undermine
policy, economy, combat capability, and the
information element of state security.
Acts of destructive informational influence as an
element of information warfare can target a wide
range of public relations and vital areas of
national security (policy, economy, military and
defense spheres, and science, etc.).
Originally, the term “information warfare” was
used in 1920 by British Historian J. Fuller who
analyzed the origin of the First World War. The
term was adopted by Americans. In 1966,
A. Dulles in his book “Secret Surrender” used
this term to define a special type of Intelligence
Special Operations (Dulles, 1966). In 1976, the
term “information warfare” was used by a future
adviser to the Department of Defense and the
White House during the presidencies of
R. Reagan and J. Bush, a physicist T. Ron in the
report “Weapons Systems and Information
Warfare”. He stated that the information element
is an integral element of the American economy
and can be a vulnerable target in peacetime or
wartime and has defined the sphere and the role
of the information element in the processes of
escalating the Cold War. In the document, T. Ron
outlined his concept of information warfare’s,
acquiring the idea of “reducing the information
flow of the enemy and, instead, protecting or
improving its own one”. Moreover, he
emphasized that the dissemination speed in the
information warfare is a decisive element for
victory. In this sense, all world countries, without
exception, are vulnerable. The USA can also be
a target of any information attack, and its
adversaries can convince the American public of
“their truth” by media manipulation (Ron, 1976).
Taking into account the conclusion of the
American researcher, the concept of information
warfare, “reducing the information flow of the
enemy and, instead, protecting or improving its
own one” should be enhanced with the idea of
information flow diversion to enemy's allies.
Moreover, it is to be observed that such allies
may take an active or passive role in the
information confrontation and change it
depending on the state and trends in the
development of the operational situation, in
particular, with the increase or decrease in the
“degree” of their own interests.
Ukrainian researchers, considering the concept
“information warfare”, have not agreed on the
formation of the unified approach to it yet. This
is due to a certain “obsolescence” of some views
on the genesis of information warfare, which has
become a dynamic phenomenon in the context of
information technology.
M. Libicki in the book “What is information
warfare?”, which is considered to be an orthodox
one among scholars, defined seven forms of
information warfare, focused his attention on
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revealing their manifestation depending on
warfare activities, in particular:
1. Command and control (command-and-
control – C2W) a military strategy that
implements information warfare on the
battlefield and combines physical
destruction.
2. Military Intelligence (intelligence-based
warfare IBW) is the collecting of critical and
protecting personal information.
3. Electronic warfare (EW) is aimed against
electronic communications: radio
communications, television networks,
computer networks, radars.
4. Psychological warfare (PSYW) covers the
use of information against the human mind.
5. Hacker warfare is subversion against the
enemy by creating special programs, attacks
on computer networks.
6. Economic information warfare (EIW) has
two forms: information blockade with
limited access to information by one state to
another and informational one.
7. Cyber warfare is carried out in the form of
information terrorism, semantic attacks,
simulated wars, Gibson's wars (warfare in
the virtual space using intelligence (Libicki,
1995).
Taking into account the author’s argument, a
destructive information impact on consciousness
can be carried out with the implementation of any
information warfare forms.
Nevertheless, M. Libicki does not focus attention
on determining the role of special services
(intelligence and counterintelligence) in the
implementation of information warfare forms.
Nowadays, the background of the operational
situation at the global and regional levels and the
trends in its development give grounds to determ
the eighth form of such a war – conducting
special information operations by special
services. Such operations involve the
confidentiality of their organization and the
comprehensive use of available means.
According to scientific theories, destructive
informational impact can be carried out during
information warfare or even before the beginning
of it. In particular, as O. Sviderska states, even
before the full-scale invasion, there was a
“swaying” of the emotional and psychological
state of Ukrainians. Ukraine has constantly
suffered from cyber-attacks: numerous fakes,
propaganda, disinformation, information attacks,
attacks on the government websites, pseudo-
mining of railway stations, schools and
supermarkets, reports of possible full-scale
interference on the territory of the state. All these
facts disclose signs of strategic psychological
special operations, main goals of which are to
destabilize and disorient Ukrainian society, to
spread hostility and panic, to force the country to
make concessions to the aggressor (Sviderska O.,
2018).
The term “psychological operation”
(Psychological Operations, PSYOPS) emerged
after the Second World War. It was grounded on
the psychological impact on the leadership,
population and personnel of the armed forces of
foreign states. PSYOPS is aimed to change the
behavior of the target audience in order to reduce
the moral potential and psychological stability of
the enemy before the beginning of the warfare
and thereby to achieve the results of their own
military and special operations. One of the main
PSYOPS application in modern conditions is to
ensure citizen loyalty to the occupying army, the
functioning of the established regime to the
temporary administration (Department of the
Army, 2003).
The consequences of informational and
psychological influences may spread in a while.
The concept of Effects-Based-Operations is
grounded on it. The main elements of it are
effects of the first, second, third and further
orders. Human consciousness is determined to
perceive only immediate consequences, and they
can be distant in time. The essence of the concept
is set out in the sequence – “mechanism”,
“action”, “effect”. The final stage is the effect
that will be formed by the informational and
psychological impact.
Some experts in the sphere of information
warfare consider that the term “psychological
operation” does not correspond to the modern
level of communication development. In
particular, essential elements of the strategy for
achieving information dominance are
information management and information
operations (Alberts, Garstka, Hayes & Signori,
2001).
In June 2010, the US Secretary of Defense
approved to replace the term “Psychological
Operations” (PSYOP) with the term “Military
Information Support Operations” (MISO). It
means “Military Information Support
Operations” or “Information Support Operations
of the Armed Forces”. The initiation of the new
term, according to the US military command,
means “a complete substitution of doctrine, its
structure and practical activity” regarding the
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implementation of information operations, their
transformation into the most powerful instrument
of state policy (MISO, 2010).
Destructive informational impact includes an
entity and an individual. During military actions,
at first, entities will be the states participating in
them. State agencies are interested in forming the
“right” public opinion in their country and other
ones. Any informational influence during armed
clashes is always controlled by the state, as it has
the most reliable information about territorial
conflicts. As mentioned, opposing sides do not
always have reliable and verified information in
the conflict zone, because measures can be taken
from both sides to hide applicable and relevant
data and enemy disinformation as well.
The individual of destructive informational
influence is a person, society and state, such
groups for the protection of which or against it is
targeted.
Today’s reality demonstrates that ten-year war in
Ukraine, economic instability, a huge amount of
data do not always authorize to analyze
information spreading by different sources.
Information itself determines the society
movement direction as a whole. The developing
of the democracy and the implementation of
reforms depend on how people will be able to
“filter” information and adhere to “information
hygiene”. Unless, the “critical” part of the
population using positive changes (medical,
educational, economic, military reforms, as well
as reforms of special services and law
enforcement agencies) can be quite easily
discredited on the initiative of the interested side
(external aggressor, internal destabilizing
forces).
Nowadays, it is not easy for an ordinary citizen
to analyze a large amount of open-source
information, which is due to its amount,
inconsistency, and fake news, lack of official
comments and distrust of state agencies. The
above mentioned stated, that under the influence
of fear and stress, which affect sensitivity to
information valence, there is a tendency to spread
information viruses as soon as possible and to
carry out destructive informational influence.
Information, spread among the population, can
change trends, determine state policy and
radically change the attitude towards certain
groups within society in countries with "new
democracies" that haven`t been formed by the
beginning of the digital era.
As mentioned, the destructive informational
influence quite often is carried out in the process
of information terrorism. Terrorist activity as one
of the means to achieve illegal goals has been
widely used since ancient times. However, since
the 90s of the 20th century, it has been evolved
significantly, which is not least due to scientific
and technological progress. At the same time,
terrorist activity has been integrated into
information space (cybersphere), and
information space, under the condition of fierce
international rivalry, has become the main field
of clashes and struggles of multi-vector states
national interests.
Given the above mentioned, scientists and
scholars pay great attention to information
terrorism as a new type of terrorist acts that
targets information technologies and means of
communication to disrupt the functioning or
destruct state infrastructure. Despite numerous
scientific research and academic events devoted
to information terrorism, there is no unified
approach of the definition “information
terrorism”. In modern legal science the concept
“information offenses” hasn’t been formed and,
moreover, any scientific approaches on effective
counteraction to them haven’t been developed.
The mentioned issue has become vital with
“hybrid warfare” against Ukraine started by the
Russian Federation. Thus, before warfare in
Ukraine started, the Information Security Center
of the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the
Russian Federation had more than 800
employees, and the Department of Information
Restriction conducting informational operations
in the Donbas, consists of 60 employees.
Besides limited access to information provided
against Ukraine, cyber warfare has also been
taken. According to the Ukrainian
CyberAlliance’s speaker, Russian hackers are
administered by the FSB and the President of the
Russian Federation. Moreover, there is a
confirmation of strong ties between Russian state
agencies and well-known cybercriminals that
afford extra opportunities for their security
services (Demyanenko, 2017).
According to experts’ results, the evolution of
effective ways to counteract destructive
informational influence and the effectiveness of
implementation lag behind the needs of law
enforcement practice and require the depth of
scientific research, including empiriocriticism.
Information terrorism is an element of terrorist
activity, using modern information technologies
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(Internet, social networks and social
messengers), carries out destructive
informational influence in order to impede the
functioning of state agencies.
Information terrorism includes psychological
terrorism and cyberterrorism.
Psychological terrorism takes political,
philosophical, legal, aesthetic, religious and
other spheres.
Cyberterrorism (electronic terrorism) is a kind of
terrorist act in information space. It includes
deliberate and large-scale attacks to create
computer malfunction using computer viruses,
etc., planned and coordinated terrorist actions in
cyberspace, and use the latest achievements of
science and technology in the sphere of
information technologies.
The main feature of modern terrorism is the
dynamic use of information and psychological
technologies to influence human consciousness
and public opinion applying global
communications. Taking into account the
achievements in the information era and the
functioning of global media, terrorists have made
television and cyberspace their main means of
influence.
Such technologies are quite often aimed at
discrediting actions of top military leaders of
Ukraine at the international level. Thus, the
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation,
conducting a special information operation, used
targeted measures to disrupt the mission of the
IAEA at Zaporizhzhya NPP.
In particular, on the eve of the arrival mission at
the nuclear power plant, Russian news reported
on the alleged destruction of the “Ukrainian
landing force” that landed in the occupied
Enerhodar. As a kind of “evidence”, the Russian
Defense Ministry published a story about how
Ka-52 helicopters using missiles “Vikhr”
destroyed a barge with military men of the
Ukrainian Armed Forces during the Dnieper
River crossing.
Debunking this fake, the Center for Strategic
Communications and Information Security
reported that Russians hit the bridge near
Enerhodar. Russian TV broadcasted events of
destroying a “barge with a Ukrainian landing
force” near ZNPP. But in fact, they just shelled
the bridge (Sitnikova, 2022).
The above mentioned activities of information
terrorism demonstrates its vitality, ability to
respond quickly to counter-terrorism measures
and choose vulnerable spheres to ruin public life.
The key issue in the context of organizing
effective counteraction to information terrorism
in Ukraine is spotting and blocking separatist
Internet networks used by representatives of
terrorist organizations and quasi-formations on
the territory of the state. They act in interests of
ideology and call for the constitutional overthrow
in Ukraine, violation of the territorial integrity,
extremism and terrorism.
Grounded theory offers specific strategies for
improving effectiveness of network security
targeted by terrorists:
− targeted use of the provisions of the Council
of Europe Convention on Cybercrime on the
procedure for sending requests for mutual
assistance in the absence of relevant
international agreements, as well as norms
of legislation on combating terrorism and
cyberterrorism (provisions of the Council of
Europe Convention on the Prevention of
Terrorism, relating to public incitement to
commit a terrorist crime);
− imposing strict legal liability as a deterrent
factor for individuals involved in the
preparation and implementation of terrorist
acts;
− improving the network protection in order to
prevent hackers from accessing its
vulnerable components;
− cyberspace analysis to identify and analyze
real and potential threats;
− exchanging of intelligence data used for
terrorist aims to counteract threats in
cyberspace;
− limited public coverage of successful cyber-
terrorist attacks.
Thus, the effectiveness of counteracting
destructive informational influence, acquirng
modern information technologies, depends on
the speed of implementation of international
experience in legal regulation methods in the
information sphere and the level of law
enforcement strategies in the fight against the
negative phenomenon, as well as the scientific
and technical support that carries out appropriate
countermeasures.
Conclusions
Innovation process in the information sphere,
ways of counteracting destructive informational
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influence are being discussed by scientists and
scholars. Scientific ideas are under the influence
of geopolitical changes and the rapid
development of modern information
technologies are in a constant search for better
solutions. Determining such ways, the prime
concern is to observe an applicable balance
between principles of the democratic society
functioning and limits and severity of
punishment committed in this field.
Profound experts of international institutions
take an active part in the discussion of key issues
of counteracting such influence, systemic
disinformation and preventing the use of
information space for terrorist aims. Such
approach is quite relevant for countries of the so-
called “young” democracy, including Ukraine.
Grounded theory has a second judgement. In the
preparation of identifying destructive
informational influence and special information
operations, some relevant theoretical and
practical knowledge in the field of foreign and
domestic policy, economic, military and defense
spheres, as well as in the field of state security
can be applied. It is a relevant case study, so
problem-solving strategies and psychological
techniques are developed and implemented.
Commonly with specific capabilities of law
enforcement agencies, they can cause a
significant public opinion and assist military
defeats at strategic and tactical levels.
Large-scale and dynamic transformations in the
information sphere as to information warfare
against Ukraine are characterized the targeted
use of destructive informational influence by the
aggressor. Such influence is followed by the
enemy conducting special information
operations and using military forces. The effects
of actions can violate territorial integrity and
state sovereignty, security and defense and, in
general, elements of national security in Ukraine.
In addition, the aggressor focuses its efforts on
undermining international image of Ukraine,
good-neighbourly relations and friendly
cooperation in industries (agricultural,
metallurgical and mining, defense-industrial,
transport industries) at local and global markets,
and compromising achievements in IT
technologies.
Information space of Ukraine suffers from
significant threats. Vulnerable places of domestic
information space are the national idea, culture,
scientific achievements, public opinion and
consciousness, the attitude towards friendly
neighboring countries and media.
Destructive informational influence on Ukraine
can be carried out by the aggressor (enemy), its
allies and local quasi-formations. An integrated
approach can be applied. Such approach can also
be multi-vector (involve several areas of
application: policy, economy, media, etc.) and
one-vector (security and defense spheres).
Nowadays, Ukraine together with global
communities is taking active measures to
counteract such negative phenomenon in all vital
spheres of life ensuring national security of the
state. At the same time, ways to increase the
effectiveness of the fight against the aggressor in
information space are the interchange in research
of scientific and practical application,
comprehensive analysis, methodological and
technological assistance of those who involved in
counteracting governmental institutions.
Bibliographic references
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(2001) Understanding Information Age
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Koval, T.V., & Paramonova, O.S. (2020).
Development of Internet communication and
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http://revista.sangregorio.edu.ec/index.php/R
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Chernysh, R., Prozorov, A., Tytarenko, Y.,
Matsiuk, V., & Lebedev, O. (2022). Legal
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