Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
91
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.10
How to Cite:
Melnyk, N., Dyshleva, G., Davydenko, A., Matviichuk, T., & Zhytar, I. (2022). The linguistic concept of phraseological units
denoting the personality inner world in the modern Ukrainian and English languages. Amazonia Investiga, 11(56), 91-102.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.10
The linguistic concept of phraseological units denoting the personality
inner world in the modern Ukrainian and English languages
Лінгвістичний концепт фразеологізмів, що позначають внутрішній світ особистості
в сучасній українській та англійській мовах
Received: September 20, 2022 Accepted: October 22, 2022
Written by:
Nataliia Melnyk40
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-0649
Scopus ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57211464512
Ganna Dyshleva41
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0586-330X
Alla Davydenko42
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-6674
Scopus ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222993714
Tetiana Matviichuk43
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-3269
Iryna Zhytar44
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-7931
Abstract
The article is devoted to the definition of the
peculiarities of the metaphorization of
phraseological units to denote the inner world of
a person in the Ukrainian language. The main
purpose of the article is the definition of the
peculiarities of phraseological units which
denote the inner world of a person in the
Ukrainian and English languages.The object of
the investigation is the phraseological units
expressing the feelings and emotions of a person
(emotional phraseological unit).The
methodology of the study was based on the
cognitive-pragmatic and structural approaches,
the descriptive method was used in the work,
which made it possible to single out the studied
units in the phraseological system of the
Ukrainian and English languages and carry out
their systematization. The linguistic study has
demonstrated that, phraseological units (PhU)
expressing human emotions and feelings
40
D.Sc., Associate Professor, Professor of Foreign languages and translation Department, National Aviation University, Kyiv,
Ukraine. (Corresponding author)
41
Lecturer at the Department of Foreign Languages, National Aviation University, Liubomyra Huzara ave. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine, graduate
student of the Department of Ukrainian Language, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
42
PhD, Associate Professor of Foreign languages and translation Department, The Faculty of Linguistics and Social Communications,
National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
43
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Language Subjects, State University
of Infrastructure and Technologies, Кyiv, Ukraine.
44
PhD in Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Ukrainian Business Communication, National Academy of Security
Service of Ukraine, Кyiv, Ukraine.
92
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
(emotional phraseological units) in Ukrainian
and English represent one of the most significant
and expressive groups of phraseological fund
units in the language system. Due to the linguistic
ambiguity and diffuseness of emotions, one and
the same phraseological unit can denote two or
more subgroups, but this is not characteristic of
all phraseological units. Thus, in the
phraseological field "Emotions and human
feelings" there are diffuse zones, the units of
which are included in different semantic
groups.The authors proved, that phraseological
units based on physiological sensations, gestures,
and facial expressions are generally similar in the
two languages due to the weak fate of control on
the part of the human, the universally felt nature,
and the universal tendency to phraseologize
metaphorical word combinations that call these
sensations and gestures.
Key words: phraseological unit, inner world of
the individual, semantic subgroups,
metaphorization of phraseological units,
expressiveness.
Introduction
In his speech activity, a person not only informs
about the surrounding world, but also expresses
his attitude towards it. One of the signs of the
expressiveness of the speaker's thoughts, the
level of linguistic richness is, in particular, the
use of phraseological units. Formation of
phraseological units, their appearance is a living
and constant process, caused by the very need of
human communication. The process of
understanding and analyzing the phraseological
composition of the language is a way to get to
know the mentality of the people, their ideas
about the world and their perception of
themselves in this world.
Interest in the manifestation of the "human
factor" in language includes interest in the image
of a person as a component of the linguistic
picture of the world, and in verbalization,
linguistic conceptualization of various sides and
levels of the human personality. That is why it is
necessary and important to analyze phraseology
with the designation of emotions, the personal or
inner world of a person as a component, as well
as the study of the issue of mono- and
polysemanticity of these units.
The main pupose of the article is the definition
of the peculiarities of the metaphorization of
phraseological units to denote the inner world of
a person in the Ukrainian and English languages.
Achieving the set goal involves solving the
following tasks:
1) to substantiate the basic principles of
phraseological units to indicate the inner
world of a person in Ukrainian and English
languages;
2) to determine diferencies and similiarities
between phraseological units which indicate
the inner world of a person and to pint out a
general classification by groups.
Literature review
At present, the formation of the anthropocentric
paradigm has led to a turn of linguistic research
in the direction of man. Ukrainian and foreign
linguists such as A. A. Taranenko (1989),
O. V. Trofimova (2011), V. D. Uzhenko,
D. V. Uzhemko (2007) and other scientists
devoted their scientific works to the study of this
direction. Increasing interest is caused not by the
processes occurring within the language, but by
the processes of the relationship between
language and thinking, language and culture,
language and society, language and psychology.
The study of conceptual categories is carried out
at the intersection of various disciplines:
cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics,
linguoculturology, psycholinguistics. The work
under review is made at the intersection of
linguistics and psychology, and is devoted to a
Melnyk, N., Dyshleva, G., Davydenko, A., Matviichuk, T., Zhytar, I. / Volume 11 - Issue 56: 91-102 / August, 2022
Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
93
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307
comparative study of the phraseology of different
system languages, which are Ukrainian and
English. This study is a comparative analysis of
semantic features, internal form and imagery of
phraseological units expressing human emotions
and feelings in the two involved languages.
The group of phraseological units expressing the
feelings and emotions of a person (emotional
phraseological unit) was not chosen by chance,
since, firstly, the phraseological units themselves
characterize the manifestations of a person’s
inner emotional life and reflect them through a
kind of “mirror of human feelings, perceptions
and evaluations” (Cowie, 1998, Gläser, 1998),
and secondly, it is this group of phraseological
units that fixes the basic emotions, helps to
understand how they are activated, how they are
manifested and experienced, what functions each
of them performs in communication, namely in
the speech of people on example of
phraseological units. A separate aspect of the
research of phraseological units to indicate the
inner world of a person in the context of
connotation and ethnic aspect (Melnyk, N. I.,
Modestova, T. V., Krsek, O. Ye., &
Uschnevych, S. E. (2021); Melnyk, Biletska,
Ponomarova, Buranova & Davydenko
(2021)).However, this was not enough to finally
solve the problem of metaphorizing
phraseological units.
The relevance of the proposed research
determines the general focus of modern
linguistics on the study of man in language,
which is, as is known, one of its priorities.
Anthropocentrism involves shifting the interests
of the researcher from the objects of knowledge
to the subject of knowledge and acts as a product
of culture and a factor in the formation of cultural
codes. Therefore, it is important for
anthropocentric phraseology to study the
linguistic meanings of phraseological units,
because the phraseological meaning encodes
thought information, which is also reflected by
the human psyche. It is with the help of
metaphors that a native speaker expresses his
psychological states, experiences, attitude to life,
various feelings, gives figurative assessments.
Methodology
To solve the tasks and based on cognitive-
pragmatic and structural approaches, the
descriptive method was used in the work, which
made it possible to single out the studied units in
the phraseological system of the Ukrainian
language and carry out their systematization;
component analysis is applied to interpret the
meanings of phraseological units and their
components. The use of these methods was
subordinated to the general research algorithm,
which is built on the basis of the tasks set before
the work.
The present study is a synchronous and
comparative description of the analyzed material,
based on the study and generalization of the main
achievements of modern linguistic science and
the theory of phraseology, their core concepts.
The main methods are: the comparative-
typological method and the method of
phraseological analysis by A.V. Kunin (2005),
which includes the method of phraseological
identification used in the selection of
phraseological material in combination with the
method of dictionary definitions, the component
analysis method, the semantic field method, the
statistical method processing results.
The practical methods were the method of
observation, the method of description and the
method of questioning informants – native
speakers.
Results and dicussions
Interest in the manifestation of the "human
factor" in language includes interest in both the
image of a person, which is a component of the
linguistic picture of the world, and the
verbalization, linguistic conceptualization of
various sides and levels of the human
personality. A special place among the means of
designation and interpretation of the components
of a person's linguistic image belongs to
phraseology, which is the most important means
of preserving and expressing general and specific
sociocultural stereotypes, models and values.
The heterogeneity of the figurative semantics of
a phraseological unit is due to the figurative
meaning of its core component, as well as the
global reinterpretation of the original free word
combination. The imagery of a phraseological
unit is created by a living internal form that
provides an imaginative associative perception of
the original situation. According to
V. M. Mokienko, an active figurative means of
creating phraseological units, in addition to
comparison, is metaphor Mokienko (1989,
p. 167). The metaphor mechanism allows you to
use it to create new linguistic meanings, as a
result of which a metaphor from a figure of
speech turns into a linguistic sign, which leads to
the loss of the previous reference by a word or
phrase and the acquisition of a new one
94
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
(Uzhenko & Uzhemko (2007), p. 79). Through
semantic associations with the help of metaphors,
the native speaker expresses his psychological
states, experiences, attitude to life, various
feelings, gives figurative assessments (Potebnia
1985, (p. 30). Thus, linguists consider metaphor
as a secondary indirect nomination with the
mandatory preservation of semantic duality and
a figurative element. Richards, 1990 (p. 108) and
forces us to see one object through the prism of
another. As noted by V. D. Uzhchenko, a
metaphor that most often uses signs of one
conceptual sphere to denote another Lakoff D.
(2008), as an attempt to define the unknown
through the known Evans V. (2006), to use vivid
and vivid ideas Skandera Paul (2007) is powerful
communicative and conceptual tool Glucksberg,
2003 (p. 164). Metaphorization leads to a radical
restructuring of the very model of world
understanding: "the traditional categorical grid is
destroyed, but it does not disappear without a
trace" (Trofimova (2011), p. 51), but gives rise to
a new formation. As A. Richards (1990) correctly
notes, when using a metaphor, we have two
thoughts about two different things, and these
thoughts interact with each other in the middle of
a single expression, the meaning of which is
precisely the result of the interaction Potebnia,
1985 (p. 46). The core of the combination of
these two opinions is the basis of their
comparison, which goes from a free word
combination to a phraseological one; the first is
the inner form of the second. Adjacent links are
combined by the basis of comparison. Therefore,
V. D. Uzhchenko's statement that "...the
metaphor attributes to the union of two sets seven
features that are characteristic of the
``intersection'' of these sets, leaving out the other
seven" is very convincing. Metaphorization, as a
cognitive process, according to N.F. Alefirenko
(2002), consists of the following thinking steps:
a) selection of the brightest and well-known
analogue (source of comparison);
b) transfer of the relevant part of knowledge,
part of empirical experience from the sphere
of the base, or source, to the area of the
object of knowledge and naming;
c) generation of new meanings as a result of the
interaction of two ideas.
However, the process of anthroponymization is
not limited to the mentioned phraseological
expressions. By continuous selection from
phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian
language, phraseological units were selected,
which can be grouped according to the above-
mentioned division:
1) transfer from an object to a person: the abyss
of wisdom, the makita of the mind, the ten-
pointed wheel in the wheel, the gray beard,
the blue stocking, the gray retinue, the
unkempt unshaven, the eighteenth fog, the
tyuUL with the watering nose, the shirttail,
the berry of our field, the berry from one
field , the fifth column;
2) transfer from creature to person: white crow,
Buridan's donkey, Valaam's donkey, crow in
peacock feathers, yellow-mouthed chick, sea
wolf, wise pichkur, look like a wolf, deaf
grouse, hare soul, lost sheep, wolf in sheep's
clothing, scapegoat, beaten a dog, a calf of
God).
In Western linguistics, there are also different
opinions regarding the understanding of the
essence of phraseological units. Often, all stable
combinations and even useful combinations of
words are often called idioms. In the English and
American linguistic literature, however, there are
few works devoted to the theory of phraseology,
therefore, in German studies there is no generally
accepted term for this discipline. Idiom
collections include any stable combinations.
Sweet (H. Sweet) noted that "the meaning of each
idiom is an isolated entity that cannot be deduced
from the meaning of the words from which the
idiom is composed." Pie called this concept of
idiom a lexical group, Lees described them as
semantically exocentric expressions, but they
were also referred to as phrases, phrases, frozen
phrases (Atherton, 1991). The representative of
the Prague Linguistic School, Frantyšek Cermak,
believes that "a distinctive feature of any idiom
is any anomaly of at least one of its components,
if we touch on its paradigmatic or syntagmatic
aspects." In Western linguistics, a phraseological
unit is considered a unique and fixed
combination of at least two elements, some of
which do not work in other situations, or work,
but only in a very limited number. The basic
typological constant is "combinatorics"
(Phraseological unit – PhU).
Universal for both compared languages are such
properties as a too weak compositional function
among the meanings of the constituent parts, a
deficit of their transformation, a peculiarity of
formation without any rules that does not allow
them to be used in other, similar constructions
and conditions.
Phraseologisms in the language act as
stereotypes of national consciousness, serve as
landmarks in the system of folk representations
of life, formed under the influence of customs
and traditions, the way of life of society, and
Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
95
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307
religious convictions. PhU can capture real
historical events, customs, traditions, religious
rites, biblical or Koranic stories.
Most linguists distinguish three main
macrocomponents in the structure of
phraseological meaning: denotative,
significative, and connotative.
Accordingly, when considering phraseological
units denoting the human condition, the
following groups can be distinguished:
1) denoting the physical condition of a person:
illness, fatigue, hunger, cold, drunkenness
(stomach rumbles - the stomach rumbles; get
very hungry; drunk in the insole, the eyes
have fallen into a hole; to walk against the
wind - to lose weight, too thin in the
Ukrainian language (UL) and Look like a
drowned cat - lit. - be weak (O man), breathe
incense in English (EL));
2) denoting the psychological and moral
condition of a person: joy, sadness, love,
etc.: mouth to ears - to be very happy; I
turned white to the wall - it turned pale (from
fear), my soul hid in my heels - I was very
scared, my soul went to my heels; I got
angry, got out of myself in UL and From ear
to ear - smile widely, Be in a cold sweat - be
in a cold sweat from fear, One's eyes stand
out of one's head - letters, someone's eyes
came out of one's head; the eyes climbed
onto the forehead (from музыныя) in EL).
It is known that one and the same feeling can be
realized in different emotions. This is due to the
complexity of the phenomena, multifacetedness
and multiplicity of their connections with each
other. For example, in one and the same feeling,
emotions of different signs (positive and
negative) often merge, unite, and become one
another. This explains such a property of feeling
as duality (ambivalence).
The work considers an emotional phraseological
unit expressing 6 emotions (fear, excitement,
anger, sadness, shame, surprise, joy) and 2
feelings (happiness, love). According to the
nature of the evaluative meaning, two groups of
phraseological units are distinguished: turns with
negative evaluative semantics (fear, excitement,
anger, sadness, shame) and turns capable of
expressing a positive evaluative meaning
(surprise, joy, love).
Table 1.
Quantitative characteristics in UL and EL
PhU,
Denoting and
expressing
emotions
Human feelings Number
of FBs % ratio
In UL
In EL
In UL, %
In EL, %
Negative emotions
968
713 66
7
64.5
Fear, fright, fear, horror, panic
125
103
8.62
9.32
Anxiety, agitation, restlessness; suffering
315
157
21.7
14.2
Irritation, anger, rage
235
265
16.2
24
Sadness, sadness, boredom, despondency, longing
202
144
13.9
13.04
Shame, embarrassment
91
44
6.3
4
Neutral and positive emotions
482
392
33.2
35.5
Surprise, astonishment
104
64
7.2
5.8
Joy, happiness, pleasure, satisfaction
215
225
14.8
20.4
Infatuation, love
163
103
11.2
9.3
Total
1450
1105
100
100
The authorship: Nataliia Melnyk, Ganna Dyshleva, Tetiana Matviichuk
The most numerous group in UL is the PhU
subgroup expressing the emotion of excitement,
followed in descending order by the subgroups of
anger, joy, sadness, love, fear, surprise, and
shame. In EL, the subgroup of anger is the most
numerous, followed by the subgroups of joy,
excitement, sadness, fear and love, surprise and
shame.
96
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Table 2.
Representativeness of emotions in UL and EL phraseology, in descending order of abundance
№
UL
EL
1
Excitement
Anger
2
Anger
Joy
3
Joy
Excitement
4
Sadness
Sadness
5
Love
Fear and Love
6
Fear
7
Surprise
Surprise
8
Shame
Shame
The authorship: Nataliia Melnyk, Alla Davydenko, Iryna Zhytar
Phraseology is a valuable material for the study
of the regularities of updating the "national"
conceptual picture of the world created by the
language. Linguistic or "naive" picture of the
world is characteristic of everyday human
consciousness and reflects everyday knowledge
in contrast to the scientific picture of the world,
where encyclopedic knowledge is presented.
there are two views on the nature of PhU
imagery.
According to the first, the figurative motivation
of idioms is based on abstract ways of
interpreting some entities in terms of others. This
is a "conceptual-metaphorical hypothesis"
supported by R. Gibbs (2017), Lakoff (2008),
Taranenko A. A. (1989), N. Melnyk, I. Biletska
and others (2021). According to the second view,
the "hypothesis of interference" - idioms evoke
images in the mind due to the literal reading of
the idiom (S. Glaksberg). Analyzing the internal
form of PhU, we rely on the advantages of both
hypotheses.
The meaning of any PhU to one degree or another
is encoded information, which in order to
understand the meaning of the expression must
be decoded based on the known image, the
expression of a rational and emotional
assessment of what is happening, orientation in
the speech situation. The actual meaning of PhU
is the ratio of literal and idiomatic meanings. The
fact that combinations of words subjected to
phraseology are included in complex semantic
processes is obvious. The internal form, the
phraseological image, which is the basis of the
content of PhU, is created by comparing two
denotations: the denotation of PhU and the
denotation of the verbal complex - the prototype
of this PhU. This comparison is presented in PhU
as a result of the activity of the nation's linguistic
consciousness.
In language, an image is a specific way of storing
information. The special significance of the
image for linguistic studies, primarily
comparative ones, is that the image is associated
with a certain association that causes a mental
(emotional-evaluative) reaction. These
associations and reactions reveal what is
common and what is different in the worldview
of speakers of different languages. The image of
PhU is one of the main components of the
connotation, and therefore reflects the
peculiarities of the national mentality.
5 fields (subgroups) of the PhU phraseological
unit with their semantic models are considered:
fear, excitement, anger, sadness, shame. The
distribution of PhU into phraseological
subgroups was carried out on the basis of their
identification with separate lexemes, word
combinations or detailed descriptions in
lexicographic sources, as well as literal
translation carried out by the author.
The analysis was carried out on the basis of
single criteria for the description of PhU:
1. The results of the study of one or another
emotion, feeling in psychology were
summarized (Uzhenko V.D. &
Uzhemko D.V. (2007) Carroll E. Izard
(1979) and others).
2. The gradation of emotion (feeling)
according to the intensity of its (ego)
manifestation, which is reflected in an
emotional phraseological unit, was carried
out as much as possible. For example, in
fear, there is an intensification of the state of
feeling - that is fear, horror to panic (actually
fear: вкритися потом - to be covered with
cold sweat (from fear); to be in mortal fear
in UL and Shake (or shiver) in one's boots -
to shake from fear, tremble like an aspen leaf
in EL, fright: Душа в п’ятках - to be very
frightened; letters, the soul came to the to
Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
97
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307
heel in UL and Look as if one had seen a
ghost - to be very frightened (exactly saw a
ghost) in EL, horror.
3. The phenomenon of diffusion within one
subgroup and between groups was observed.
Emotional phraseological units do not have
a clearly defined denotation, as the feelings
denoted by them are diffuse. That is why it
is possible to talk about the preferential use
of this or that emotional phraseological unit
to denote this or that emotion. So, for
example, PhU серце тьохнуло in UL and
One's hair stands on end in
EL can denote fear and fright at the same time.
The diffuseness of the emotional phraseological
unit is explained by the diffuseness of the
emotions and feelings themselves. With the
similarity of symptoms, the nature of the
subject's reaction may be different, which allows
us to conclude that in different feeling-states
there are identical reactions and symptoms,
which, as it appears, is one of the reasons for the
diffusion of the meaning of idioms, which for this
reason can denote different feelings-states,
activating in them one or another signs similar to
them (Melnyk, Modestova, Krsek & Uschnevych
(2021). Some PhU заклякнути як пень - freeze,
stiffen; freeze (from fear, surprise, etc.);
вкритися потом - cover yourself with cold
sweat; Душа в п’ятках - literally, the soul has
come to the heel; get very scared; get out (from
anxiety, worry) in UL and Jump out of one's skin
- buke, jump out of one's skin; jump up, shudder
(from fear, surprises) to be very frightened,
surprised, shocked, One's tongue glued itself to
the roof of one's mouth laziness, bewilderment,
fear in EL. This explains the interfield diffusivity
of PhUs denoting feelings-states, which occurs if
the script of this feeling contains a fragment that
testifies to one or another symptom-like reaction.
4. On the figurative basis of the internal form,
semantic models of the emotional
phraseological unit were distinguished. The
study of the Ukrainian and English
languages revealed a variety of PhU
prototypes expressing human emotions and
feelings. The variety of types of the internal
form of PhU, based on metaphor, was
generally reduced to three corresponding
elements of feeling distinguished in
psychology:
1) physiological changes of internal organs and
physiological sensations of the face in a
certain emotional state;
2) behavioral reaction of a person, including
facial expressions, gestures, body
movements and active actions of a person;
3) internal experiences of the state.
Within the framework of the article, it is difficult
to give a description of all identified
phraseological-semantic groups, so we will
demonstrate them results of the analysis on the
example of one subgroup - emotional
phraseological units of fear.
The following semantic models are distinguished
in the PhU subgroup with the meaning "fear":
1. Sensation of cold (rarely heat), denoting a
state of fear, felt by the face as cold
зблідніти - freeze (from fear, surprise,
etc.); cover with cold sweat, кинуло в жар -
thrown into the heat in UL, One's blood
turned to ice - the blood freezes in the veins
from fear in EL.
2. Shivering, chills, defecation, denoting a state
of fear (зуб на зуб не попадає - they chatter
their teeth, накласти в штани - put in their
pants (with fear) in UL, Shake like an aspen
leaf - shake like an aspen leaf, Shake (or
shiver) in one's boots - lit., to shake in one's
boots; to shake with fear, to tremble like an
aspen leaf in EL).
3. Change in the color of the face (paleness),
denoting a state of fear (зблід, як стіна -
turn pale in UL, Be as white as a sheet - lit.
in EL.
4. Unpleasant tactile sensations, indicating a
state of fear (покритися гусячою шкірою -
get goosebumps; experience fear in UL,
Curl smb's hair-buke, twist someone's hair;
someone's hair stands on end (of fear), to
shock in EL).
5. Loss of the usual location of an internal
organ (heart, soul, liver), indicating a state of
fear (душа в п’ятки - literally, the soul
came to the heel; to be very scared, серце з
грудей вискакує - lit., the heart is in the
mouth; get very scared in UL, Smb's heart
is in one's mouth - lit. Jump out of one's skin
- letters, jump out of the skin; be very
surprised, shocked, scared in EL).
6. Violation of the rhythm of breathing or
increased heartbeat, indicating a state of fear
(дух перехопило - stop breathing from fear,
серце стало - letters, palpitations; heart
failure (from fear, excitement), пульс
пропав - beats the pulse (from fear) in UL,
Hold one's breath - hold one's breath in EL).
7. A borderline condition between life and
death, denoting a state of fear (кров в жилах
похолола - letters, someone's blood has
98
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
dried up; to be very scared, в очах
потемніло - letters, bile has exploded; to be
very afraid, Наче Бога побачив - letters,
sometimes to give the soul, then to take it
away; tormented, tormented; mortally afraid
in UL, Be more dead than alive - be neither
alive nor dead in EL).
8. A person's loss of consciousness, reason,
slowing down of thinking, denoting a state
of fear (втратити голову - literally, the
mind jumped out; they lose head, go crazy
(from fear), that something bad will happen
in UL and Be scared out of one's senses
(wits) - be scared to the point of losing
consciousness, Scare smb. out of their wits -
scare someone into unconsciousness in EL).
9. Numbness of organs and parts of the body,
indicating a state of fear:
a) numbness of the tongue (язик проковтнути
- swallow a small tongue in UL, One's
tongue glued itself to the roof of one's mouth
- someone's tongue stuck to the larynx; язык
took to EL);
b) numbness, numbness of the legs (ноги
підкосились - the legs are numb, but they
stand on their feet (from fatigue, fear,
excitement), руки і ноги як ватні стали,
руки і ноги потерпли - literally, the arm and
leg are numb; to be numb from fear, cold;
остовпіти, захолонути на місці - to be
stunned, petrified in UL).
10. A feeling of pain in the heart, indicating a
person's internal experience of a state of fear
(серце лопнуло - it hurts - about the heart;
they freeze from fear; серце тріпочеться,
як шалене - the heart throbbed; ранити в
саме серце - letter, narrows the soul (in
some place); escape and hide, душу (серце)
лоскоче - experience severe pain due to fear
in UL and Be sick at heart - letter, heart
hurts; worried, yearning in EL).
11. Wide open eyes; tic, denoting a state of fear
(баньки вирячити, витріщитись як баран
на нові ворота - stare out the eyes (from
surprise, fear), око муляти, заглядати, як
сорока в кістку - letters, the eye is
frightened; to save, to hide; to be frightened,
to be frightened in UL and Look as if one had
seen a ghost - to be very frightened, as if
seeing a ghost; to look very frightened in
EL).
12. a) Desire to hide (passive fear) and b) flight
(active fear), i.e. outwardly expressed
behavioral reaction of a person, denoting a
state of fear: (ховатися по закутках - hide
in nooks and crannies, do not show yourself
in front of someone, hide from someone in
fear, розбігтися, як миші по норах,
розбігтися хто куди - literally, like mice to
run away into their holes; in UL, Move like
a scalded cat - move like a scalded cat in
EL).
13. a) Scream, exclamation, i.e. verbal actions
denoting a state of fear: Господи помилуй!
Хай Бог милує! Дідько б тебе взяв!
(expresses fear, surprise, excitement) in UL
and Cry (shout) blue murder- letters, shout
the blue killer - shout the guard, shout no
with his voice, he screams wildly in EL) and
b) silent (А ні пари з вуст! - don't make a
sound, don't you dare die, Цить! - don't
make a sound in UL).
The following conclusion can be drawn from the
presented semantic models: in general, the
figurative basis of the PhU subgroup of fear in
UL and EL is similar due to the physiological
manifestations of the emotion of fear, which is
not controlled by a person. The exception is only
models 9-6, 12-a and 12-b, identified only in UL.
Semantic analysis of PhU expressing neutral and
positive human emotions and feelings in
Ukrainian and English languages" is devoted to a
comparative analysis of the semantic features of
an emotional phraseological unit with the
meaning 'surprise', 'joy' and 'love', a description
of their internal form and figurative component.
In the third chapter, the national and cultural
specifics of the emotional phraseological units
are established, and the psychological features of
the Ukrainian and English speakers are reflected
in them.
We will demonstrate the results of the analysis
using the example of one subgroup - the
emotional phraseological unit of joy, happiness,
and pleasure.
In the subgroup PhU with the meaning "joy,
happiness, pleasure" the following semantic
models are distinguished:
1. A feeling of lightness when moving,
denoting a state of joy (Не чути ніг під
землею! Йти як пава від щастя! - don't
feel your feet under you from joy in UL and
Tread on air – don't feel your feet under you
from joy in EL).
2. Being in heaven, in paradise, denoting a
state of happiness and joy (На сьомому небі
від щастя! - to be on top of bliss, to be in
rapture, to be on the seventh heaven in UL
and On cloud seven (or nine; i.e. On Cloud
Nine or on Cloud 9 ) open - infinitely happy;
in the seventh heaven in EL).
Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
99
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307
3. The image of a soft pillow and a blanket,
denoting a state of contentment (Як на
царських перинах спати! Як у Бога за
пазухою! - letters, on a down pillow and
click a nut; live in peace, prosper in UL and
A security blanket - letters, a safe blanket;
something that gives a feeling of confidence,
safety and comfort, cozy in EL).
4. Clouding of consciousness, loss of self-
control, denoting a state of joy (Втратити
голову! Радіти до нестями! - lose one's
head, be without memory (from love,
happiness) in UL and Laugh one's head off -
letters, laugh madly; die of laughter; laugh to
tears, laugh a lot in EL).
5. The predetermination of happiness through
the image of fate, the benevolence of the
stars. (В сорочці народитися!
Народитися під щасливою зіркою! -
literally, the mother gave birth to him on the
night of destiny, the mother gave birth to
him in a shirt (be born in a shirt, be born
under a lucky star) in UL and Be born under
a lucky star - be born under a lucky star in
EL); luck in the game, lottery, etc.
(Везунчик! Щасливчик! Багатенький
Бураттино! Три очка! - letters, a six fell
out - the position of the dice when playing
backgammon; to find a lucky chance,
unexpected luck in UL and Strike lucky
(strike it lucky) - to have a lucky
coincidence, luck, for example, win the
lottery in EL) .
6. The sun, a sunny day, denoting a state of joy
and happiness (Пішло в руку!- to be happy,
smile - about happiness in UL and A ray of
sunshine - a ray of light, something joyful in
EL).
7. Shining in the eyes, a smile, denoting joy
(Очі світяться від щастя! - letters, the
eyes are laughing inside; shining with joy -
about the eyes, Бути не собі від радості,
либитись, як дурний! - mouth to ears in UL
and Be bright-eyed and bushy tailed - letters,
to be with bright eyes and a fluffy tail; to be
full of energy and strength, Grin from ear to
ear - letters, to grin from ear to ear; to grin,
to smile with their whole mouth in EL).
8. a) Laughter, body shaking, i.e. outwardly
expressed behavioral reaction of a person,
namely physical EL reaction (action
actions), indicating a state of joy
(Заходится сміхом покотом! Лягти зі
сміху! - roll with laughter, laugh (laugh) to
the point of falling, Сміятися до сліз! -
laugh to tears in UL and Hold one's sides
(with laughing, laughter) - laugh, hold on to
the side in EL); b) Scream, exclamation, i.e.
speech reaction (verbal actions) denoting a
state of joy (Радість серця мого! Світло
очей моїх! – Joy of my heart, the light of
my eyes! in UL; express joy, experience a
sense of satisfaction ( expression) in EL);
c) a lack of words that describe the intense
state of joy (Я була наскільки щасливо, що
важко навіть описати! - I was so happy
that it is difficult to convey with words in
UL).
9. a) Holiday, fun (including songs, dances,
playing a non-instrumental instrument),
dresses, decorations, indicating a state of joy
(Радість в косу вплести! - bouquet, weave
gold threads into braids; go crazy with joy,
be very happy, Bayram etmek - буке, to
celebrate; to be happy in UL and (As) merry
as a marriage - lit., merry as a wedding; very
merry in EL); b) Increased excitability,
which manifests itself in the inability to sit
still and indicates a state of joy (Не може
собі місця знайти від радості
(хвилювання чи стривоження) - letters, the
soul does not fit in the soul; it does not find
itself a place (from joy, excitement) in UL).
10. Gesticulation denoting satisfaction with life
and pleasure (Потирати руки від радості,
від нетерпіння, в оочікуванні чогось!
Розправити плечі! - letters, hands folded in
elbows; carefree, contented with their
position in UL and Rub one's hands -
rubbing hands (meaning pleasure or
gloating) in EL); Gestures denoting joy
(Підкинути капелуха вгору! - letters, throw
up a hat (or joy) in UL and Applaud (or
cheer) to the echo - to applaud hotly, noisily;
arrange a stormy ovation in EL).
11. A perceptual-physical reaction, denoting a
state of joy (Білого світу не бачить! -
literally, the eye does not see the world; очен
радоваться, jubilate, be on top of bliss in
UL).
12. White, pink, red colors, denoting a state of
happiness, satisfaction (Бачити все у
рожевих окулярах!) - see everything, the
world in pink light (tsvete), look at the world
through rose-tinted spectacles in UL and
Look through rose tinted spectacles (rose-
colored glasses) - look at something through
rose-colored glasses in EL).
13. Pleasant taste sensations and delicious food,
denoting a state of pleasure and happiness
(Як мед так ложкою! Жити, як вареник
в маслі! – to eat honey with big portions; to
live carefree in UL and Look like the cat that
got the cream - to look like a cat that ate
cream; to look contented and happy, Be full
of beans - to be full of peas; to be happy, full
of energy in EL).
100
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
14. Wealth, luxury, denoting a state of joy,
happiness and pleasure (Як мед так
ложкою! found wealth; pleasure in UL and
Feel like a million dollars (American open)
- letters, feel like a million dollars; it's great
to feel yourself in EL).
15. Pleasant sensations (including warmth,
coolness) in the heart, soul, head, denoting
the internal experience of a state of joy,
happiness, pleasure (Душа спокійна! -
literally, the soul is pleased; be (remain)
satisfied, be happy, Як нова копійка! - feel
good, live in contentment, Гріти серце
(душу)! - letters, the heart has cooled down;
calm down, relax from the heart; cheer up
UL и Warm the cockles of one's heart -
letters, warm the mollusks of the heart;
rejoice, warm heart; will bring great
pleasure, great joy, be liked in EL).
16. Behavioral reaction, denoting a state of joy,
happiness and pleasure (Ayagina sicak su
dökmek - to meet with joy (according to the
Ukrainian tradition of meeting a dear guest
in UL and Take to smth. like a duck to water
- letters, take something like a duck to water;
to have an innate ability to do something and
to do it with pleasure, it is easy to learn,
Count one's chickens before they are
hatched - to rejoice before the time, divides
the skin of an unkilled bear; chicks are
counted in EL).
17. Somewhat aside are PhUs, which denote and
express gloating, i.e. in this case, joy is not a
positive, but a negative emotion (Biyik
altindan gülmek - letters, laugh from under
the mustache; grin, smile, Sakalina gülmek
(birinin) - laugh in the face, openly laugh at
someone in UL and Laugh in the beard -
laugh secretly, secretly, Rub one's hands -
rub one's hands .
This subgroup contains a phraseological unit
with a causative element, which are directed at
another person with the aim of causing him a
state of joy or pleasures. Радувати очі! - delight
the eye (sight), admire, amaze, - caress, delight
the eye (sight) in UL and Be a sight for sore eyes
- be a pleasant sight, give pleasure, delight the
eye, etc. in EL.
Internal experiences that are perceived as ease of
movement, staying in an unusual place, etc.
become the basis of images that motivate the
meaning of the phraseological unit of the
subgroup of joy and happiness. The
phraseological unit of the subgroup of joy,
happiness, pleasure is expressive, since they are
motivated by a large number of images that
convey the inner experiences of a person in a
state of joy, his feelings and the outwardly
expressed reaction of a happy or joyful person.
National and cultural specificity of
phraseological units expressing positive
emotions and human feelings. In our work, we
adhere to the opinion of the majority of scientists
and believe that language cannot be considered
separately from culture, because each language is
characterized by national and cultural features,
background knowledge is expressed both
explicitly and implicitly, at all levels of the
language, especially at the phraseological level.
National-cultural specificity is a traditional topic
for research in the field of phraseology
(Melnyk, N. I., Modestova, T. V., Krsek, O. Ye.,
& Uschnevych, S. E. (2021).
The national-cultural elements of the semantics
of phraseological units can be manifested at
three different levels of the content plan:
1) in the aggregate phraseological meaning
(Rub one's hands- rub one's hands; feel
satisfaction, gloating about something,
Raise one's hands- letters, raise one's hands;
they will be extremely surprised, confused;
spread their hands in the English language);
2) in the meaning of individual lexical
components of Vrazeological units (words-
realities) (sweet holiday - letters, sweet
holiday; in the Ukrainian language and Beer
and skittles - letters, beer and skittles;
entertainment, sheer pleasure in English
language);
3) in the direct meaning of the free phrase,
which has been figuratively reinterpreted (in
prototype phraseological units) (bow to the
feet - letters, meet with joy in the Ukrainian
language and Wear one's heart on one's
sleeve - letters, wear one's heart on your
sleeve; don't know how to hold back your
emotions in the English language) (Melnyk,
Biletska, Ponomarova, Buranova &
Davydenko (2021)).
Most of the emotional phraseological units
analyzed by us in the Ukrainian language are not
recognized as absolute equivalents in the English
language. In such phraseological units, the
figurative components of the content plan of
phraseological units that are close in meaning
differ, or the actual meaning does not coincide
with the proximity of internal forms, which
speaks in favor of the national-cultural color of
phraseological units. Figurative motivation
inherent in phraseological units is "directly
connected with the worldview of the native
people".
Volume 11 - Issue 56
/ August 2022
101
https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307
External manifestations of emotions,
representing a synthesis of involuntary and
arbitrary human reactions, largely depend on the
cultural characteristics of the given people. A
well-known, for example, tradition of English
education is to not show your emotions
outwardly. This feature is traced by us in the
subgroup of emotional phraseological units
"sadness, longing, despondency". In the English
PhU, the "individualism" of Western cultures is
manifested, and in the Ukrainian - the
"collectivism" of the Eastern ones. The latter are
characterized by considerable imprecision and
indeterminacy of the discourse, the desire to
avoid categoricalness in things. In addition,
eastern cultures, which include Ukrainian
culture, are characterized by greater
differentiation of emotional categories, which is
manifested in the richness of language tools used
to express emotions
Thus, the Ukrainian and English languages differ
not only genetically, but also represent different
linguistic and cognitive world pictures. The
researched material showed that such semantic
features of the emotional phraseological unit as
the motivation of the meaning of the phraseology
by the meaning of its components, the presence
of an internal form, expressive-emotional
coloring determine the special role of emotional
phraseological units in the expression of the
value picture of the speaking world. Most of the
emotional phraseological unit reflects the
historical, cultural, ethnographic context,
particularities of the worldview and worldview
of the people.
Conclusions and futher discussions
Phraseological units (PhU) expressing human
emotions and feelings (emotional phraseological
units) in Ukrainian and English represent one of
the most significant and expressive groups of
phraseological fund units in the language system.
Due to the linguistic ambiguity and diffuseness
of emotions, one and the same phraseological
unit can denote two or more subgroups, but this
is not characteristic of all phraseological units.
Thus, in the phraseological field "Emotions and
human feelings" there are diffuse zones, the units
of which are included in different semantic
groups.
Within the semantic subgroups of emotional
phraseological units, the relative gradation of
expressed emotional states (for example, fright -
horror - panic) is traced, which indicates the
special expressiveness of PhU in the considered
phraseological field. This is especially evident in
emotional phraseological units with the meaning
of fear, anger, and joy.
As a means of embodying cultural and national
specificity, an emotional phraseological unit
serves as a figurative component of the content
plan, and the way to indicate this specificity is the
interpretation of the image in the mirror of the
national culture of the given language
community. This kind of interpretation of an
emotional phraseological unit based on the
correlation of their associative-figurative
perceptions with stereotypes reflecting the
national mentality reveals their cultural-national
meaning and character, which is the content of
the national-cultural connotation.
Phraseological units of the studied group, which
have similar semantics at the denotative level,
differ significantly in their prototypes.
The similarity of phraseological units in the two
languages indicates a certain commonality of
associative-figurative thinking of representatives
of different types of cultures — Ukrainian and
English. The presence of an emotional
phraseological unit in the phraseological funds of
attractive languages is explained by the
individuality of historical experience, the
uniqueness of culture, and the peculiarity of the
mental makeup of the Ukrainian and English
peoples.
Prospective tasks include of phraseological
equivalents studing, an analog emotional
phraseological unit of the Ukrainian and English
languages, as well as an analysis of ways of
translating non-equivalent emotional
phraseological units from one language to
another.
It is advisable to study phraseological units
expressing those emotions that remained beyond
the scope of the analysis, as well as
phraseological units denoting the physical state
of a person (fatigue, hunger, cold, intoxication),
including the relationship between emotions and
physical state.
Bibliographic References
Alefirenko, N.F. (2002) [[Poetic energy of the
word. Synergetics of language,
consciousness and culture: monograph]
Poeticheskaya energiya slova. Sineregetika
yazyka, soznaniya i kul‘tury monografiya].
Moscow: Academia. 394 s.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/alefirenko-
102
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
n-f-poeticheskaya-energiya-slova-
sinergetika-yazyka-soznaniya-i-kultury-m-
academia-2002
Atherton, M. (1991) Henry Sweet's idea of
totality: a nineteenth-century philologist's
approach to the practical study of language.
The University of New-York.
Carroll, E. I. (1979) Emotions in personality and
psychopathology / edited by Carroll E. Izard.
New York: Plenum Press. xx, 597 p.
Cowie, A.P. (1998). Phraseology: Theory,
Analysis, and Applications. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
https://books.google.se/books/about/Phraseo
logy.html?id=Df-iQpNMLcgC&redir_esc=y
Evans, V. (2006) Cognitive linguistics.
Edinburgh University Press.
Gibbs, R. W. (2017). Metaphor Wars:
Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
328 pp. ISBN 9781107071148
Gläser, R. (1998). The Stylistic Potential of
Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre
Analysis In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Glucksberg, S. (2003). Understanding Figurative
Language. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Good M.
Lakoff, D. (2008) Metaphors we live by
[Metafori, kotorimi mi zhivem] / Lakoff D. &
Jonson, D. Pod red. A.N. Baranova. -М.:
Publishing house LKI [Izdatelstvo LKI]. –
256 p. [in Russian]
Melnyk, N. I., Modestova, T. V., Krsek, O. Ye.,
& Uschnevych, S. E. (2021). The
phenomenon of ethnicity in the context of
linguistics and its significance in the concept
of European transcultural educational centers
functioning. Journal of Language and
Linguistic Studies, 17(3), 1392-1401. Doi:
10.52462/jlls.100
Melnyk, N., Biletska, I.O., Ponomarova, O.A.,
Buranova, A.V., & Davydenko, A.O. (2021).
Representation of Ethnicity in lexicographic
discourse. Rupkatha journal on
interdisciplinary studies in humanities, 13(1),
january-march. 1-18. doi:
https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n1.
22
Richards, A. A. (1990) Philosophy of rhetoric.
Theory of metaphor [Philosophiya ritoriki.
Teoriya metaphory] / pod. red.
A. A. Richardsa. Moscow: Progress. S. 44-
67.
http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/richard
s-90.htm
Skandera, P. (2007) Phraseology and Culture in
English. Topics in English Linguistics. De
Gruyter
Trofimova, O.V. (2011) Phraseological
representation of negative emotions in
English and Ukrainian national world
pictures [Text]: (thesis.... Ph.D. philol.
Sciences) Donetsk national Univ. - Donetsk.
LIST OF SOURCES FROM Library
Kunin, A.V. (2005) A course on modern English
phraseology. Dubna: Dubna: Izd. centr
«Feniks», p- 488.
Mokienko, V. M. (1989) Slavic phraseology:
textbook. allowance [Slaviznskaya
phraseologiya: ucheb. Posobie]. Moscow:
Vyssh. shk. 287 s.
Potebnia, O. O. (1985) Aesthetics and poetics of
the word: monograph [Estetyka I poetyka
slova: monographiya]. Kyiv: Art
[Mystetstvo]. 320 s.
https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Potebnia_Olek
sandr/Estetyka_i_poetyka_slova/
Taranenko, A. A. (1989) Linguistic semantics in
its dynamic aspects (basic semantics
processes): monograph [Yazykovaya
semantika v yeye dinamicheslikh aspektakh
(osnovnye semanticheskie protsessy):
monographiya]. Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 256 s.
Uzhenko, V.D., & Uzhemko, D. V. (2007)
Phraseology of the modern Ukrainian
language: teaching. Manual [Phraseologiya
suchasnoyi ukrayins‘koyi movy: navch.
Posib]. Kyiv: Knowledge [Znannia]. 494 s.