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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.6
How to Cite:
Kosiachenko, K., Pochtovyi, M., Kyrychenko, H., Spilnyk, S., & Mozol, V. (2022). Activity of NGOs as a constituent element of
policy in the field of combating crime. Amazonia Investiga, 11(56), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.6
Activity of NGOs as a constituent element of policy in the field of
combating crime
Діяльність неурядових організацій як складовий елемент політики у сфері боротьби
зі злочинністю
Received: September 10, 2022 Accepted: October 5, 2022
Written by:
Kosiachenko Kseniia20
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-218X
Pochtovyi Maksym21
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0633-205X
Kyrychenko Hanna22
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-1091
Spilnyk Serhiy23
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-798X
Mozol Viktoriia24
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0835-1019
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to study the activities
of non-governmental organizations as a
constituent element of the policy in the area of
combating crime. The methodology for the
article consists of a system of the following
methods: hermeneutics, scientific analysis,
deduction and induction, systematic, categorical
and etymological analysis, logical and semantic,
formal and logical. Research results. The authors
are convinced that criminological policy as a sub-
system of policy in the area of fighting crime
directly depends on the effectiveness and
stability of the mechanism of implementation of
criminological activities of non-governmental
organizations. At the same time, according to the
authors, it is necessary to clearly distinguish
between “public policy” and “State policy”
precisely at the expense of subject composition.
Taking into account this criterion, public policy
is broader than State policy. Practical
implementation. It has been proven that when
talking about the criminological activity of non-
governmental organizations, it is appropriate to
20
Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines of the Educational and Scientific
Institute of Law and Innovative Education of Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
21
Doctor of Law Sciences, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Educational and Scientific Institute of
Law and Innovative Education of Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
22
Candidate of Law Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Educational and Scientific
Institute of Law and Innovative Education of Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
23
Doctor of Law Science, Associate Professor, Deputy Head of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Prosecuto’s Office, Ukraine.
24
Candidate of Law Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Scientific Laboratory for Preventive Activities and Prevention of Corruption
of the Educational and Scientific Institute №3 of the National Academy of Internal Affairs (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Kosiachenko, K., Pochtovyi, M., Kyrychenko, H., Spilnyk, S., Mozol, V / Volume 11 - Issue 56: 56-65 / August, 2022
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use the concept of public policy, because it is
within its framework that the criminological
activity of non-governmental organizations can
be conducted. Value/originality. In the future, a
promising direction of scientific research is the
study of information and analytical support and
scientific support of criminological activities of
non-governmental organizations.
Keywords: criminological activity, non-
governmental organizations, public
organizations, public policy, State policy.
Introduction
In accordance with the Art. 3 of the Constitution
of Ukraine (Law of Ukraine No. 254k/96-VR,
1996), the human being, his or her life and health,
honor and dignity, inviolability and security are
recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value.
Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees
determine the content and direction of the State
activity. Government is accountable to the
individual for its actions. Affirmation and
provision of human rights and freedoms is the
main duty of the State. In particular, the policy in
the area of combating crime is aimed at ensuring
this constitutional provision. The policy in this
area, in turn, requires constant scientific research,
because with the development of society, the
activities of the entities, who conduct work in this
direction change and need improvement.
Criminological activities of non-governmental
organizations are not an exception in this respect.
Important elements of global civil society are
non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
international non-governmental organizations
(INGOs), which share common interests and
values outside formal State bodies and not acting
for profit. Non-governmental organizations are
created, as a rule, in response to one or another
specific situation and are the product of social
actions. An important feature of NGOs is that
people self-organize, and do not use traditional
state structures.
There are three main types of NGOs:
− research and consulting NGOs focused on
scientific research, consultation and
dissemination of information to decision-
makers and the general public;
− lobbying NGOs that focus their activities on
the protection or opposition of specific
political courses implemented by
governments or international organizations;
− intermediary NGOs that provide network
services. They establish contacts within
countries and on the international arena and
disseminate information on thr issues
important to them. Such networks play an
important role in establishing connections
and organizing cooperation between
different organizations
The role of NGOs has especially increased
during the Russian-Ukrainian war, though some
of them have completely discredited themselves.
Thus, Russia’s attack on Ukraine caused a surge
in sexual violence by occupants over peaceful
population, as some scientists have already
written about (Rufanova et al., 2022). Russia
bombs the cities of Ukraine, destroying the
homes of civilians, infrastructure facilities,
strikes power and critical life support objects,
takes Ukrainian children to its territory, when
international organizations designed to protect
the rights and interests of civilians and monitor
the implementation of international agreements
are inactive.
Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study
the criminological activities of non-
governmental organizations as a constituent
element of the policy in the area of combating
crime.
Methodology
The following methods were used in the course
of the research:
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Hermeneutic method contributed to the analysis
of scientific publications by the authors, who
considered the issue under consideration.
The method of general scientific analysis was
applied during the review of legal instruments
regulating the activities of non-governmental
organizations in the fighting crime.
Deduction and induction methods made it
possible to determine the correlation between the
State and public policy in combating crime.
Systemic method was useful in the study of
criminological policy as a subsystem of the
policy of fighting crime in order to determine the
place of non-governmental organizations in the
system of the relevant actors.
The method of categorical and etymological
analysis was applied when clarifying the basic
concepts of the research such as “policy”,
“politics”, “public policy”, “State policy”,
“criminal law policy”.
Logical and semantic method was used to clearly
define the concept and features of criminal law
policy, as well as to identify its levels and
connection with other types of policy.
Formal and logical method was helpful when
presenting judgments, intermediate conclusions
and relevant views.
Literature Review
Modern science cannot stand apart from the
international scientific discourse, so it is worth
highlighting a number of foreign works,
including textbooks on the science of
criminology, monographs, scientific articles, etc.
First of all, it is rational to consider the
fundamental research – the “Encyclopedia of
Criminology and Criminal Justice” (Bruinsma
&Weisburd 2014), issued in 2014 in the USA.
This work represents the current state of
knowledge in this science. The team of authors
includes 311 scientists in the area of criminology
and criminal law. The encyclopedia consists of
10 volumes, reflecting the state of modern
criminology and criminal justice. Thus, the book
provides a complete and systematic coverage of
the world science of criminology.
In particular, the scientists Moody and Marvel
(2008) made an attempt to investigate the issue
of the need to use the results of criminological
research in the adoption of need to use the results
of criminology research in power-making in the
article “Can and should criminology research
influence policy?”
“Comparative criminal justice policy-making in
the United States and the United Kingdom” is a
separate scientific study by Jones and Newburn
(2005), in which the authors examine the
influence of the private sector on the process of
formation and modification of crime prevention
State policy through the prism of the activities of
private prisons in the specified countries.
Since the subject matter of this study is non-
governmental organizations, it is worth paying
attention to the work “What is the role of the
public in crime prevention and criminal justice?
The debate in the United Nations” by Joutsen
(2017). In the first part of the study, the scientist
uses the historical method to analyze the
development of the role of non-governmental
organizations in the activities of the United
Nations in general and in the Criminal Program
of the United Nations in particular. The second
part examines which legal instruments of the UN
were adopted with the direct participation of the
public sector.
The modern understanding of non-governmental
organizations is clarified in the works by the
representatives of Cambridge University “NGOs
and Corporations: Conflict and Collaboration”).
A separate section of this study (“Classifying
NGOs: definitions, typologies and networks”) is
devoted to the study of definitions, classifications
and systems of non-governmental organizations.
The authors state that the public sector of the 21st
century is characterized by the rapid
development of a powerful non-governmental or
“third” (Yaziji & Doh 2009).
Scientific article “Interpretation of the concept of
non-governmental organization in international
legal documents” includes the results of a study
on how the term «non-governmental
organizations» became part of international
legislation and how it was interpreted in various
legal acts (Matkarimova 2021).
Results and Discussion
As Vasylevych (2020, p. 98) correctly pointed
out, in the investigation of criminological
activities of any subject it is necessary to
proceed, first of all, from the fact that the
criminological activity is a constituent element of
the criminological policy of the State. Therefore,
the formation of criminological activities of non-
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governmental organizations should take into
account the criminological policy of the State.
According to Kovbasiuk et al., (2014, p. 7)
politics in the traditional sense is interpreted as
an environment of interaction between different
social groups, parties, nations, peoples, States,
authorities and the population, as well as citizens
and their associations. This is the most important
and most complex layer of social life,
“an independent world of political values”.
Modern political scientists, based on the writings
of the thinkers of the past (Aristotle defined
politics as the art of State management;
Democritus considered such art the highest of all
arts), point out that politics is also the art of the
possible, the art of compromises, the art of
agreeing on a desirable and objectively
achievable. At the same time, the scientist
emphasizes that politics means the ability to
achieve goals through peaceful means, not
through the use of force. This applies both to the
harmonization of relations between large States,
and to the resolution of intra-national regional,
local, conflicts. Politics is a balanced system of
goals, interests and priorities. This is primarily a
struggle of intellects, public minds, ideas, as well
as a search for agreement and parity.
Sadkovyi et al., (2019, p. 4) emphasizes that the
word “politics” in Ukrainian scientific
terminology corresponds to two different
concepts, for which other languages, particularly
English, use different words (policy and politics).
Typical examples of definitions of these two
concepts, according to the scientist, can be
considered the following:
1. Politics is the sphere of relations between
different social groups and individuals
regarding the use of institutions of public
power for the realization of their socially
significant interests and needs. Politics in
this sense is studied and analyzed mainly by
political scientists. It is about it when they
say: “Well, this is already politics” or
“politics is a dirty business”.
2. Policy in general is a plan, a course of action
or a course of actions accepted and followed
by the government, leader, political party,
etc.” It is in this sense that the word “policy”
is used when talking about State policy and
its directions (external, internal, economic,
social), it is policy as a course of action is the
subject of policy analysis.
According to Zhadko and Voitov (2010, p. 90),
politics (Greek: política – public and civic
affairs) is an organizational, regulatory and
control sphere of society, within which social
activity, aimed mainly at achieving, maintaining
and realizing power by individuals and social
groups in order to assert their own requests and
needs, is carried out. Politics is the art of
managing the entire set of interests that act as the
driving force of its development in any society.
State is the most effective political tool.
At the same time, policy can be carried out at the
internal and external level depending on the area
of influence and interaction of the entities, in
other words, according to the object of action.
Thus, according to the Encyclopedic Dictionary
of modern political science edited by Khoma
(2015, pp. 213–214), internal politics is the
activity of State authorities, institutions and
ruling parties aimed at harmonizing the interests
of various social groups, their subordination and
the possible satisfaction of their interests under
given conditions, the preservation of the existing
State order or its purposeful reformation,
ensuring the integrity, interrelationship and
interaction of individual spheres of society,
spiritual and industrial progress. The policy
defines tasks in the financial, investment, tax,
economic, social, humanitarian, scientific and
technical, regional, ecological, law enforcement
spheres, defense capability and national security.
Almost identical to the above definition of
domestic policy is offered by Bohatchuk (2010,
p. 17). Thus, according to the author, it is the
activities of State bodies, institutions, and ruling
parties aimed at coordinating the interests and
meeting the needs of social groups and
communities, the stable development or
transformation of all spheres of society. In this
regard, according to the author, the objects of
domestic policy are production and distribution,
protection of public order and guarantee of State
security, health care, education, culture, etc.
A slightly different definition of domestic policy
is offered by Tomakhiv (2018, p. 21). In his
opinion, domestic policy is the activity of the
State, as well as other political institutions in
various spheres of public life – economic, social,
spiritual ones. At the same time, the author offers
a definition of foreign policy and compares them.
According to the scientist, foreign policy is the
regulation of relations with other States and
international organizations. Its actor is only the
State; other political associations of the country
cannot be independent subjects of foreign policy
and act just on behalf of the State. Internal policy
and foreign policy are dialectically connected –
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internal policy affects the content, means, social
direction of external policy and vice versa.
In turn, Vlasov (2015, pp. 3 – 4) notes that
foreign policy acts as the final link in the chain
“foreign policy needs – foreign policy interests,
foreign policy strategy and tactics – foreign
policy activity” and is designed to ensure the
realization of the needs of the country’s socio-
economic and political development, refracted
through the prism of their understanding by the
ruling elite based on the specific historical
conditions of the system of international
relations, the possibilities of the State and its
place in the system of interstate relations.
Foreign policy activity is the embodiment of
foreign policy strategy and tactics, as well as the
political will of the country’s leadership to
realize the set goals. Besides, the author
emphasizes that foreign policy activity reflects
the art of political leadership, its ability to
political prediction and forecasting, preparing
diplomacy for a skilful foreign policy game.
Separately, it should be emphasized that the main
principles of the implementation of the internal
and foreign policy of Ukraine are regulated in
accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the
Principles of Domestic and Foreign Policy” (Law
of Ukraine No. 2411-VI, 2021).
Thus, according to this Law, the principles of
internal and foreign policy are based on the
unconditional observance of the Constitution of
Ukraine, ensuring the rights and freedoms of an
individual and citizen of Ukraine and
guaranteeing the rights and freedoms proclaimed
by the Constitution of Ukraine, on the generally
recognized principles and rules of international
law, ensuring the social orientation of Ukraine’s
economy and sustainable socio-economic
development of Ukraine, strengthening the
democratic foundations of social and State life,
implementing the rule of law, economic and
political independence of the State, protection of
its national interests, the establishment of
Ukraine as a full and authoritative member of the
world community.
Thus, one can see that the internal policy is
carried out within the State, and the external
policy transcends borders, enters the
international arena. That is, depending on the
zone of influence, the object of State policy also
changes.
It should also be noted that the doctrine regarding
the concept of “State policy” has been introduced
relatively recently in Ukraine, as evidenced by
the following expression by Dombrovska
(Sadkovyi, Dombrovska, Lopatchenko and
Antonov 2019, pp. 6 – 7) “the formation of the
institutional support for the State policy analysis
procedures in Ukraine began in the mid-1990s at
the initiative of the professor Kravchenko at the
Institute of State Administration and Self-
Government under the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine. With the support of the International
Renaissance Foundation (IFV) and the Open
Society Institute (Budapest), the first scientific
and methodological publications on the analysis
of State policy were published, and non-
governmental organizations began to conduct
relevant research. A special role in the formation
of policy analysis was played by the four-year
project of the Canadian Bureau of International
Education (CBIE) “Capacity-building for public
policy formulation and analysis” and the three-
year project “Canadian-Ukrainian-Baltic
economic training program”, which were
financed by the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA). Within the
framework of these two projects alone, more than
a hundred textbooks, study guides, monographs,
collections of documents and materials,
researches of Ukrainian and foreign authors were
prepared and published”.
Thus, according to Tertychka (2002, p. 83), State
policy is a relatively stable, organized and
purposeful activity/omission of State institutions,
performed by them directly or indirectly in
relation to certain problem or set of problems,
which affects the life of society.
Along with the above, public policy is considered
not only because it affects society, but also
because the starting stage of its formation is the
government or other State agencies. Besides, the
use by scientists of different terms, imperfectly
and ambiguously translated from a foreign
language, caused confusion in the interpretation
of the terms “politics” (policy and politics),
“State policy” (public policy and State policy)
and “study (research) of public policy” (public
policy study and State policy study). Carrying
out the in-depth analysis of the State policy
(formation, adjustment, implementation,
estimation) largely depends on the
constructiveness and clarity of the interpretation
of the conceptual framework (Lavruk 2018, p.
258).
In the context of examining the criminological
policy of non-governmental organizations, it
should be noted that sometimes State policy is
equated with public policy, although, in our
opinion, they are different in essence and content.
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Among modern scientists, two theories of the
relationship between State and public policy
prevail. Thus, some of them emphasize that these
concepts should be considered as synonyms,
while the other believe that public and State
policy are different in content and essence,
although reflecting almost identical meanings.
Thus, according to Pukhkal and Homoliako
(2017, p. 111) State policy and public policy may
be identified, and to make different concepts
depending on the mechanism of their elaboration.
State policy ceases to be State policy as such and
acquires the signs of publicity in the sense that
the State is recognized as the subject that acts and
establishes its policy and manages the public
sphere. Therefore, according to the above-
mentioned researchers, public policy is a broader
concept, since it covers not only State policy, but
also policy that is carried out (or can be carried
out) by non-governmental organizations,
associations of State and public agencies, or even
private structures and agencies.
Demianchuk (2000, p. 32), in turn, emphasizes
that in a democracy, when the level of
development of civil society is sufficiently high,
the State’s authority cedes some of its powers to
the self-government authorities, and in this case
it really makes sense to talk about “public
authority” as a combination of State power and
public self-government. In this context,
according to the scientist, public policy is a
broader concept, as it covers not only State
policy, but also policy that is carried out (or can
be carried out) by non-governmental
organizations, associations of State and public
bodies, or even private structures and agencies.
In a democratic society (unlike in totalitarian
regime) the non-governmental sector of public
life plays a significant role in initiating,
developing and implementing policies in the
interests of certain population groups, regions or
the entire nation as a whole, that is, the “public”.
Therefore, the author believes that the use of the
term “public policy” instead of the term “State
policy” is more generalizing one. Moreover, in
the postcommunist countries, we don’t have to
talk about a developed civil society, and in fact
public policy is equated with State policy. But,
regardless of the difference in terminology, the
goal of this policy should be to satisfy the
interests of society, individual social groups and
individuals, solving urgent and prospective
problems, ensuring the development of the
components of social activity (economy, politics,
social sphere, etc.) and the nation in as a whole.
The same opinion is held by Nedilko,
Zadorozhnyi and Boiko (2018, p. 17). In
particular, according to the scientist, “State
policy”, “State administration” are now
undergoing significant transformations under the
influence of new social structures (networks),
globalization (global governance), information
technologies (electronic governance). Public
sphere is gaining importance as a platform for
interactions and development of public interests,
formulation of public goals and tasks. State
policy ceases to be State policy as such and
acquires the signs of publicity in the sense that
the State is recognized as an actor that acts and
establishes its policy and manages public sphere.
The author emphasizes the fact that «publicity»
in the context of consideration of the concept of
“public policy” is not just “policy presented to
the public or public discussion”. “Publicity”
involves the implementation of various types of
activities to achieve public goals. Accordingly,
the publicity of the interest, according to the
lawyer, means that its subject (carrier) is society
as an organic whole. Society as a whole (public
interests) has the greatest degree of community.
They reflect the basic needs of people and in
many cases are determined by the need for social
development.
Therefore, the main criterion for distinguishing
“public policy” from “State policy”, according to
the above-mentioned jurists, is that “public
policy” is carried out by State actors and non-
state ones, in particular, non-governmental
organizations. At the same time, let us consider
the opinions of individual lawyers who equate
“public policy” with “State policy”.
Thus, Palahnyuk (2012, pp. 66–67) came to the
conclusion that in domestic scientific literature,
State policy is usually considered as a stable,
organized and purposeful activity of the
government in relation to one or another
problem; this activity is carried out directly by
the government and affects the life of society.
According to her personal observation, some
Ukrainian scientists differentiate this
understanding of “State policy” from “public
policy”, which is used in Western literature and
means the inclusion of civil society in the process
of formation, implementation and evaluation of
the State policy. However, different definitions
of public (State) policy have common key
elements regardless of whether the definition of
the term is too broad or narrower. State policy (or
public policy) is a strategic course aimed at the
development of the State, its individual spheres,
and which is followed by State administration
bodies and the public. Based on a comparison
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and detailed analysis of the approaches to
defining the meaning of “State policy” (or
“public policy”), the author offers her own vision
of the definition of this concept – it is a
constitutionally based, participatory strategic
decision with a clear definition of results as a
means of ensuring public needs in one or another
sphere and is implemented by State
administration bodies).
Hornyk and Kravchenko (2018, pp. 2–3) equate
State and public policy when defining their
analysis. Thus, in particular, the scientists note
that in many countries, a relatively new area of
professional activity has emerged – the analysis
of State (public) policy as a set of processes and
procedures for making recommendations to State
(public) authorities regarding the best possible
course of action solving public problems
regarding estimating and monitoring the results
and consequences of these actions.
Thus, public policy is separated from State policy
precisely because of its subject composition. In
particular, public policy is characterized by civil
society participation in the political activities,
when State policy is implemented only by State
actors. Given this, public policy is broader than
State policy. Therefore, when talking about the
criminological activities of non-governmental
organizations, it is appropriate to use the concept
of public policy. After all, it is within the
framework of public policy that criminological
activities of non-governmental organizations can
be carried out.
Moreover, it is necessary to understand that the
criminological activity of non-governmental
organizations is carried out as an interdependent
element in the system of the general policy of the
State in the area of fighting crime.
Thus, according to Fris (2016, p. 110) policy in
the area of fighting crime should be consistent
with crime indicators in society. At the same
time, in his opinion, not only general indicators
are important, but also structural ones, as they
determine the priorities of its implementation. In
addition to purely criminological indicators,
sociological ones should also be taken into
account for its development, because without
them, it is impossible to develop legal and other
mechanisms to combat crime. The scientist does
not object to the fact that, in general, policy in the
area of fighting crime is the art of managing
activities aimed at reducing crime rates in the
country. Its effectiveness (which is determined
by the existence of a developed doctrine,
concepts, both in general and in terms of
individual components) is clearly demonstrated
by these indicators. And today they are not just
sad, but shocking, notes the scientist. Thus, the
growing level of crime in Ukraine, in his opinion,
is a clear confirmation of the actual collapse of
the entire policy in the area of fighting crime in
Ukraine and its individual components. What
caused the crisis of politics in the fight against
crime. There is no clear answer to this question –
a number of factors are at work here. And the
basic one is the general crisis of society in all
spheres of social and economic life. The policy
in the area of fighting crime, as a constituent
element of the internal legal policy of the State,
could not stay away from the vortex of this
general crisis. However, it is overlaid with
reflection and some specific factors.
In this regard Kozych (2018, p. 126) notes that
the modern legal policy of Ukraine is a set of
various means of influence on society with the
aim of ensuring its consolidation and
development stability with the help of legal
regulation and protection. Taking into account
this fact, the author emphasizes, that the
Ukrainian policy has a social orientation, so it
can be stated that under the conditions of the
effectiveness of the social legal policy, a
complex social network of relations between the
State and society, social communities and
individuals is formed and functions. All these
cases determine the position of people in the
social structure of society, expressing the degree
of equality, justice, freedom, satisfaction with
material and cultural benefits. Politics plays a
significant role in the fight against crime; its
main task is criminal-legal, criminal-procedural,
criminal-executive and criminological
(preventive) protection of the most important
social relations, goods, values and interests. At
the same time, the author emphasizes that all
policy subsystems in the field of combating
crime have a single object of influence – crime.
In this regard, functional linkages between all
subsystems in the area of fighting crime can be
observed. But each of them has its own tools and
means, techniques and methods, established by
law on the basis of the general principles of a
single policy in the field of combating crime.
Criminal law policy is a guiding force that forms
legislation on the fight against crime, procedures
for the application of this legislation and for the
enforcement and correction of convicts. This
policy also directs the practical activity of State
agencies, local self-government bodies and
public organizations in the fight against crime,
defines the content of measures to fight crime
and prevent offences, which are applied by the
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above-mentioned agencies, organizations and
individual citizens in strict accordance with the
law. This policy is enshrined in the norms of the
Constitution of Ukraine, criminal, criminal
procedural and penal legislation and is specific,
clear and unconditional for all policy subsystems
in the area of combating crime, without
excluding the independent role of each of the
named subsystems in this field. Despite the fact
that each of the subsystems has its own tasks,
they functionally constitute a single policy
system in the named area as a direction of State
policy (Kozych 2020, p. 251).
Thus, we can conclude that although the policy
in the field of combating crime is a certain
monolith, it involves a division into subsystems
(criminological, criminal and legal, criminal
procedural and penal. Although each subsystem
has a separate focus, the effectiveness of the
policy in the area under consideration is achieved
only by the established interaction of all the
above-mentioned subsystems.
Krevsun (2017, p. 37), confirming the above
statement, notes that criminal executive policy is
related to both criminal legal policy and criminal
procedural policy. For example, having
committed a crime (criminal legal policy), the
person was convicted of an offence to a specific
form of punishment (criminal procedural policy)
and served this punishment in places of
deprivation of liberty (penal policy).
At the same time, criminological policy must not
be forgotten. On the one hand, it may seem that
criminological policy is not in direct connection
with criminal and legal, criminal procedural and
penal policy. However, this is a premature
conclusion. It is necessary to pay attention to the
fact that crime cannot be completely overcome.
This implies that, in the event of an effective and
smooth criminological policy implementation
mechanism, a positive trend of a decrease in the
crime rate in the State will be formed. And this,
in turn, will reduce the burden on criminal law
policy (fewer people will commit a criminal
offense), criminal procedural policy (fewer
people will be convicted) and penal policy
(prisons will not be overcrowded, etc.).
One of the tenets of criminological science is that
crime prevention is carried out at three levels:
general and social one (in society as a whole);
special one (regarding certain types (groups) of
offenses);
individual one (regarding a specific offender).
Some scientists distinguish the fourth level of
crime prevention at the regional or branch level.
Some scientists call these levels somewhat
differently, but their content is approximately the
same, and, most importantly, they are all aimed
at forming in each of us a sense of protection
from violating the norms of law, morality,
traditions, etc. Scientific provision of crime
prevention is impossible without an appropriate
economic basis. The complexity of such studies
lies in the fact that from the end of 2013 until
today, the development of Ukraine has been
marked by the acuteness of the problem of
ensuring security in the full sense of the word and
leveling the security of an individual (Shablystyi
and Prymachenko 2019). The occupation of a
large part of the territory of Ukraine by Russian
troops only exacerbated this problem, which can
be solved with the help of international non-
governmental organizations.
Conclusion
So, summing up all of the above, we can note that
criminological policy, as a subsystem of policy
in the field of fighting crime, directly depends on
the effectiveness and well-being of the
mechanism of implementation of criminological
activities of non-governmental organizations.
At the same time, it is necessary to clearly
distinguish “public policy” from “State policy”
precisely by its subject composition. In
particular, public policy is characterized by
participation of civil society in the political
activities, when State policy is carried out only
by State-owned entities. Given this, public policy
is broader than the State one. Therefore, when
talking about the criminological activities of non-
governmental organizations, it is appropriate to
use the concept of public policy. After all, it is
within the framework of public policy that
criminological activities of non-governmental
organizations can be carried out.
In the future, attention should be drawn to the
study of information and analytical support and
scientific support of criminological activities of
non-governmental organizations.
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