Volume 11 - Issue 54

/ June 2022

349

https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.54.06.33

How to Cite:

Kuznetsova, N., Tkachuk, V., Obikhod, S., Vlasenko, T., Samborska, O., & Chorna, L. (2022). Human capital development in a

creative economy. Amazonia Investiga, 11(54), 349-356. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.54.06.33

Human capital development in a creative economy

Розвиток людського капіталу в креативній економіці

Received: May 23, 2022 Accepted: July 15, 2022

Written by:

Nataliya Kuznetsova130

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-6221

Viacheslav Tkachuk131

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-956X

Svitlana Obikhod132

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0067-8394

Tetiana Vlasenko133

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2999-7441

Oksana Samborska134

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-9138

Lyubov Chorna135

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-3003

Abstract

The industrial economy is gradually

disappearing. It is replaced by a creative

economy, the basis of which is creative human

capital. The study aims to define creative human

capital’s value in an economy based on

intellectual activity. Methods. The research used

general scientific methods: the method of

comparison, statistical analysis, assessment of

dynamic structural shifts, as well as index and

analytical methods. The economic research

methods were also used in this work; the

regression analysis was carried out by the

economic-statistical method. Economic and

mathematical modeling defined the influence of

creative economy indicators on the GDP level

per capita. Results. As a research result, the

meaning of the category “human capital

development in the creative economy” is

established, and its basic elements are defined. It

was determined what role creative economy

human capital plays. Creative sector value in

Анотація

Індустріальна економіка поступово зникає. На

зміну їй приходить креативна економіка,

основою якої є креативний людський капітал.

Метою дослідження є визначення ролі

творчого людського капіталу в економіці,

побудованій на основі інтелектуальної

діяльності. Методи. У дослідженні

використано загальнонаукові методи: метод

порівняння, метод статистичного аналізу,

метод оцінки динамічних структурних

зрушень, а також індексний та аналітичний

методи. У роботі також використано

економічні методи дослідження; регресійний

аналіз проводився економіко-статистичним

методом. Економіко-математичним

моделюванням визначено вплив показників

креативної економіки на рівень ВВП на душу

населення. Результати. У результаті

проведеного дослідження встановлено сутність

категорії “розвиток людського капіталу в

умовах креативної економіки” та визначено її

130

PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Economic, Entrepreneurship and Marketing, Cherkasy State Business

College, Cherkasy, Ukraine.

131

PhD in Economics, Assistant Professor in the Department of Digital Economics and International Economic Relations, Faculty of

Business and Service, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine.

132

PhD in Economics, Assistant Professor, Department of Digital Economics and International Economic Relations, Faculty of

Business and Service, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine.

133

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Production and Investment Management, Faculty of

Agricultural Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.

134

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Administrative Management and Alternative Energy

Sources, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine.

135

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Tourism Studies and Local History, Faculty of

Tourism, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.

350

www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

countries’ development was also described in the

study. The analysis of the number and structure

of the innovative sphere enterprises has allowed

defining the features of the new economy

structure type in the European countries. The

study established the relative share of the

population working in the creative industry.

Characteristics of human capital development in

European countries are presented in illustrations.

Interaction between human capital and the

creative economy has been defined by carrying

out the regression analysis. According to the

study results, the main components of the

evolution and protection of human capital in a

fast-growing branch of the world economy – the

creative economy – have been established.

Keywords: Creative economy, human capital,

regression analysis, intellectual activity.

основні елементи. Визначено, яку роль відіграє

людський капітал креативної економіки. Також

було охарактеризовано значення креативного

сектору в розвитку європейських країн. Аналіз

кількості та структури підприємств

інноваційної сфери дозволив визначити

особливості нового типу структури економіки

в країнах Європейського Союзу. Дослідженням

встановлено відносну частку населення,

зайнятого у креативній економіці. Особливості

розвитку людського капіталу у країнах

представлені на малюнках дослідження.

Взаємодія людського капіталу та креативної

економіки визначена шляхом проведення

регресійного аналізу. На основі результатів

дослідження, встановлено основні складові

розвитку та збереження людського капіталу у

швидкозростаючій галузі світової економіки –

креативній економіці.

Ключові слова: креативна економіка,

людський капітал, аналіз, інтелектуальна

діяльність.

Introduction

The creative industries are growing in

importance, both nationally and internationally.

Their basis is formed by cultural activity, which

is developing at a rapid pace. Its development

contributes to the fact that industrial society is

becoming a thing of the past. It is replaced by a

new generation of knowledge and intelligence.

As a result, a new component of the economy,

the creative one, is developing. This new

economy segment is important because it is

based on intellectual capital. Three types of

intellectual capital are distinguished:

− human capital;

− consumer capital;

− organizational capital.

The main characteristics of human capital are

creativity, experience, knowledge, moral values,

cultural environment, and state of health. Human

capital forms the capital of the industry. In turn,

industry capital, which can be structural or

organizational, determines the development of

the creative sector and its position in the market.

Human capital is an extremely valuable resource

that influences competitiveness, economic

growth, and efficiency. It characterizes

individuals’ productive abilities, personal

qualities, and motivation in the creative

industries. At the same time, human capital

contributes to increasing labor productivity and

thus impacts added value. In this regard, the

formation and application of human capital in the

creative economy is an urgent issue that needs

further study.

Literature Review

International economic integration, globalization

of social development, and internationalization

are global external factors that have caused the

intellectualization of social development. In turn,

the intellectualization of society has led to the

creative economy development. The labor

market has become more transparent thanks to

information and communication technologies.

New educational opportunities have opened up

for potential workers. They gain new knowledge

and learn to be more mobile in their professional

space. However, the essential quality today is

creativity, criticality, originality, and the ability

to make quick decisions. These are new

characteristics that today’s employers value.

Moreover, in the new business environment,

there is a fierce struggle for specialists with such

qualities (Kuznetsova, 2016). The “creative

industry” concept is a set of economic activities

to apply or create information and knowledge

(Hesmondhalgh, 2002).

There are several points of view regarding the

concept of “human capital”. According to Becker

(1964), one of the founders of the human capital

theory, it is a repository of knowledge mixed

width skills and stimulation. Any country’s

scientific progress and technological

Kuznetsova, N., Tkachuk, V., Obikhod, S., Vlasenko, T., Samborska, O., Chorna, L. / Volume 11 - Issue 54: 349-356 / June, 2022

Volume 11 - Issue 54

/ June 2022

351

https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307

development are impossible without adequate

human capital (Diebolt & Hippe 2019). Florida

(2002), the “creative class” theory founder,

believes that many factors (economic, cultural,

and social) influence the development of

creativity. He also believes that creativity

depends on the social environment. The so-called

“creative class” predominantly belongs to the

younger generation or people who uphold its

values. They innovate not only in their jobs but

also in their daily lives. In addition, the “creative

class” members are characterized by flexibility,

mobility, education, independence, and

recreational and social activity. In addition, they

are interested in street culture (Florida, 2002). At

the same time, Throsby (2014) draws attention to

the peculiarities of the creative industries’

contribution to gross domestic product (GDP).

The fact is that creative goods cannot be valued

in monetary terms. However, despite this, they

have a significant intangible value. According to

the author, the creative industry has a structural

construction based on classical cultural activities.

It includes musical, literary, performing, and

visual arts (Throsby, 2008).

Such researchers as Harrison and Huntington

(2000) study the impact of cultural differences on

a country’s development. In their view, cultural

differences are the main reason many countries

lag. The culture of some countries hurts their

economies. For this reason, it is necessary to

develop arts and culture and increase the

country’s human capital. The main features of

human capital and its role in the creative

economy are discussed in Kalenyuk and

Kuznetsov (2020). According to Versal &

Tereshchenko (2020), human capital is the

leading creative economy factor. The level of

science and education influences its development

in the country. The model of multi-level

innovation policy, where the creative economy is

considered in human capitalization, was

developed by Shaulska, Karpenko & Doronina

(2021).

The policies of some countries (especially those

with transition economies) are designed with

creative industries in mind. Such policies can

often be found in research (Mellander et al.,

2013). A model of one of them was proposed by

researchers such as Gasparin and Quinn (2020).

This model is called Innovation and Creativity in

Transition Economies (INCITE). It consists of

four components: human resources, education,

infrastructure, freedom of expression, and

intellectual property rights. Human capital

formation is often considered in subsectors of the

creative economy. Such subsectors include

design (Korobaničová, 2016), batik (Sutisna &

Saudi, 2018), and architecture (Korobanicova &

Pacutova, 2015). Researchers determining the

peculiarities of human capital formation in this

way have concluded that its determinant factor is

education.

The critical role of creative skills and their

dependence on creative industries is emphasized

by Sanchez-Serra (2014). Many works of this

author are devoted to human capital and its role

in developing the creative economy. This issue

was studied by Munteanu (2015), who concluded

that the more businesses work in the creative

industries, the higher the economic progress.

Some researchers (Comunian, Faggian & Jewell

(2014) and Abreu & Grinevich (2014) have

analyzed creative human capital in detail.

Schultz (1995) notes that in many ways, the

development of human capital depends on

investments. It also applies to natural talent. By

investment, he means education in school,

training in the workplace, and measures to

promote health. According to the researcher,

investing in human capital contributes to

overcoming poverty in the country. Londar,

Lytvynchuk & Versal (2020) suggested the most

critical investment areas in human capital.

Considering the above, we can conclude that

most scholars involved in studying human capital

confirm the need for investment in education and

health care. Moreover, according to most of

them, investing in human capital is correlated

with developing a creative class and,

accordingly, with an innovative economy.

However, despite a considerable quantity of

research devoted to human capital, the question

of its development and preservation in conditions

of a creative economy remains not entirely

solved.

Methods

The experience of human capital forming and

development in conditions of the creative

economy in the European Union is one of the

most successful in the world. That is why it was

chosen as the basis for the study. It was used to

conduct data from the Eurostat website (Eurostat

2019a; 2019b; 2019c; 2019d). In particular, the

study analyzed the following indicators:

− the number of businesses operating in the

creative industry;

− the number of people working in the creative

economy sector;

− life expectancy of the population;

352

www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

− Gross domestic product per capita (2014‒

2019).

The data were analyzed using both simple

(descriptive statistics) and more complex

methods (regression analysis). Their use made it

possible to determine how the creative economy

affects how human capital is developed and

preserved. The influence of each independent

variable on the dependent variable changes is

determined by conducting a regression analysis.

It is based on the regression equation.

The regression analysis conducted in the study

was conducted in several major steps:

1. Formation of the initial data required for the

analysis;

2. Selection of the regression model of the linear

type;

3. Regression analysis, for which Excel tools

were used.

Results

It is necessary to study the trends in the

functioning of the creative industry to diagnose

the development and preservation of human

capital in a creative economy. It is also necessary

to analyze the peculiarities of human capital in

the countries of the European Union. Finally, a

regression analysis is required to determine the

relationship between the development of the

creative economy and human capital (Tables 1

and 2).

Table 1.

Input data required for the regression analysis

Period

GDP per

capita, USD

(у)

Companies in the

creative economy,

)

хunits (

Employment in the

creative economy,

)

(хpers.

Life expectancy of

the population,

)

хyears (

2014

38026,8

1101722

68117

80,8

2015

38862,18

1088088

6833,5

80,5

2016

39573,58

1119280

69641

80,9

2017

40592,56

1142268

71817

80,9

2018

41384,25

1182257

72706

Table 2.

Intermediate data obtained from the regression analysis

Regression statistics

Multiple R

0,95

R-square

0,91

Normalized R-square

0,65

Standard error

780,0

Observations

Table 3.

Intermediate data obtained from the regression analysis

Significance F

Regression

6541683,6

2180561,2

3,58

0,36

Residue

608465,1

608465,15

Total

7150148,8

Volume 11 - Issue 54

/ June 2022

353

https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307

Table 4.

Intermediate data obtained from the regression analysis

Coefficien

Standard

error

t-statistics

P-value

Lower

95 %

Upper

95 %

Lower

95,0 %

Upper

95,0 %

Y-

intersection

563156,9

1314998,4

-0,428

0,742

-17271795

16145481,9

-17271795

16145481,9

Variable X

0,026

0,0353

0,735

0,596

-0,42

0,475

-0,42

0,47

Variable X

-0,048

0,082

-0,582

0,665

-1,096

0,1

-1,0

0,99

Variable X

7131,024

16782,459

0,425

0,7442

-206110,3

220372,3

-206110,3

220372,3

The equation of regression of linear type will

have the following form: y = -

563156,97+0,026×x_1-

0,048×x_2+7131,024×x_3.

The obtained results confirm that the increase of

gross domestic product per capita depends on the

number of enterprises working in the creative

industry, as well as on the life expectancy of the

population. The more enterprises work in this

sphere and the higher life expectancy in the

studied region, the higher the level of GDP. Also,

the regression analysis results show an inverse

relationship between the efficiency indicator and

the level of employment in the creative industry.

The so-called econometric model describes this

economic dependence. It is evidenced by the

coefficient R-value, denoting multiple

correlations. 91 % of the results show the

correlation dependence between the indicators,

and the rest 9 % ‒ on other factors.

According to the results of the analysis, we can

conclude that the main components of the

development and preservation of human capital

in the creative economy are the following:

− effective policy and support of the state

aimed at the development of the creative

industry;

− the creation of hubs, clusters, and business

incubators working in the creative industry;

− integration of the creative economy;

− globalization of the creative economy;

− investment in the development of the

creative industry;

− creation and development of associations

and professional networks.

Implementing these recommendations will

contribute to the development of human capital

in the creative economy by minimizing the

negative impact of the external environment.

Discussion

The main sources of the creative economy are

culture and creativity, which are inextricably

linked to the creative industry. Therefore,

focusing on them helps improve the skills of

professionals whose work is related to creativity

and sustainable value formation.

According to the study, the creative sector’s

influence on the countries’ economic

development was established. Today all

countries of the European Union aspire to a

creative economy. According to Dindire (2012)

and the norms of the European Commission in

the strategy “Europe 2020”, human capital is one

of the main advantages of developed countries.

Today it acquires new values, so the need to

invest in this area is increasing.

The creative industry content, laid down by

Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002), is disclosed in the

proposed economic category “human capital

development in a creative economy”. The value

of the personal qualities of professionals is

increasing day by day. In its turn, the creative

industry allows us to realize them to the full

extent. Many researchers confirm the value of

human resources. Kuznetsova is no exception,

believing that creative abilities are the most

valuable today (2016). In this regard, society

faces new challenges in education: forming a

creative personality instead of the traditional

transfer of knowledge. The importance of science

and education quality in developing a creative

economy is also confirmed by Londar (2020).

According to Becker (1964), human resource

efficiency affects scientific and technological

progress. The same conclusion is obtained from

the study conducted. Its results, to a certain

extent, are practically the same as those of

Kalenuk & Kuznetsova (2020), who believe that

human capital is the driving force of the creative

economy. In addition, the creative economy is

one of the promising areas of economic activity.

354

www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

It is based on human capital, which is an

inexhaustible resource. The country’s economy

largely depends on the development of the

creative industry. It contributes to reducing

unemployment and opens up new opportunities

for employment, which can be used by all people,

regardless of sex and age. As we know, in recent

years, the growth of unemployment in many

European countries was caused by the Covid-19

pandemic. However, in addition to negative

social phenomena, Jílková (2021) notes some

positive aspects. We are talking about flexible

work benefits for many people, such as the ability

to work remotely and on a convenient schedule.

It has had a positive impact on human capital. In

this regard, the issues of its development and

preservation are relevant and need further study.

Cultures of different countries are constantly

developing and interacting with each other. In

our opinion, borrowing cultures contribute to

their development and improvement. As a result,

society gets such a phenomenon ‒ “cultural

dumping” that, according to many researchers, is

one of the conditions of globalization. For

example, in recent years, the so-called

“McDonaldization” (Kabanda, 2015) has

attracted more and more attention.

Conclusion

Humans’ capital value in developing the creative

economy has changed significantly. Today, it is

characterized by a high-efficiency level of

intellectual capital usage. Due to this, society

produces business ideas, contributing to the

profitability of the creative economy sector.

Furthermore, developing a creative economy

opens new possibilities for the population.

Namely, it considerably expands the borders of

its employment and self-realization.

The human element is the power of creative

economic growth. It is an inexhaustible resource,

which ensures its functioning. In turn, the

creative economy opens new opportunities for

fully realizing human potential – creative,

intellectual, and innovative. As a result, the

creative sector’s share in the structure of the

developed countries is rapidly growing. In

particular, we are talking about the countries of

the European Union, which are leaders in

developing the creative economy. Continuous

culture support and investment in human capital

development contribute to this leadership’s

preservation.

Bibliographic references

Abreu, M., Grinevich, V. (2014). Academic

entrepreneurship in the creative arts,

Environment and Planning C: Government

and Policy, 32, 451–470.

https://doi.org/10.1068/c11144r.

Becker, G.S. (1964). Human Capital: A

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with

Special Reference to Education. University of

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for

Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical

Research Reference inEntrepreneurship.

SSRN. URL:

https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496221

Comunian, R., Faggian, A., & Jewell, S. (2014).

Embedding arts and humanities in the

creative economy: the role of graduates in the

UK, Environment and Planning C:

Government and Policy, 32, 426–450.

https://doi.org/10.1068/c11153r.

Diebolt, C., & Hippe, R. (2019). The long‑run

impact of human capital on innovation and

economic development in the regions of

Europe, Applied Economics, 51(5), 542–563.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1495

820

Dindire, L.-M. (2012). Human capital – main

competitive advantage in the creative

economy and in the knowledge-based

society. assessment model of the nations’

human capital – the case of the EU countries.

In International Days of Statistics and

Economics, September 13‒15, 316‒326.

Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative

Class: And How It’s Transforming Work,

Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New

York: Basic Books. DOI: 10.2307/3552294

Gasparin, M., & Quinn, M. (2020). The INCITE

model of policy development for the creative

industries: the case of Vietnam. Journal of

Asian Business and Economic Studies ahead-

of-print (ahead-of-print). DOI:

10.1108/JABES-12-2019-0125.

Eurostat (2022) General government expenditure

by function.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/vie

w/GOV_10A_EXP__custom_1114555/defa

ult/table?lang=en

Harrison, L., & Huntington, S. (2000).Culture

Matters: How Values Shape Human

Progress. New York: Basic

Books, 348 p. URL: https://www.academia.e

du/35178237/Culture_Matters_How_Values

_Shape_Human_Progress_SAMUEL_HUN

TINGTON_pdf

Hesmondhalgh, D. (2002). The Cultural Industri

es.

SAGE. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/

Volume 11 - Issue 54

/ June 2022

355

https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322 - 6307

publication/261554803_The_Cultural_Indus

tries_3rd_Ed.

Jílková, P. (2021). Sustainable Corporate

Strategy: The Role of Human Capital in the

Time of COVID-19 Crisis. TEM Journal,

10(2), 699‒706. DOI: 10.18421/TEM102-26

Kabanda, P. (2015). Work as Art: Links between

Creative Work and Human Development.

Human Development Report Office.

BACKGROUND PAPER. URL:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/work-art-

links-between-creative-work-and-human-

development.

Kalenuk, I., & Kuznetsova, N. (2020). Human

Capital Development in the Conditions of

Creative Economy. Central Ukrainian

Scientific Bulletin. Economic sciences,

4(37), 77‒85. DOI: 10.32515/2663-

1636.2020.

Korobaničová, I. (2016). The role of human

capital in the creative economy in the Košice

Region. Journal of Applied Economic

Sciences, 11(7), 1‒6. URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31

7757434_The_role_of_human_capital_in_th

e_creative_economy_in_the_Kosice_Region

Korobanicova, I., & Pacutova, G. (2015). The

Human Capital in the Creative Economy in

Region In 5th Central European Conference

in Regional Science (CERS). Proccesing 5th

Central European Conference in Regional

Science, International Conference

Proceedings, 421‒431 .

Kuznetsova, N. (2016). Human capital role in

becoming and development of creative

economy. Economics & Education, 01(02),

36‒39. URL:

https://ee.isma.lv/images/issues/E_E_0102/0

9_E_E_0102_Kuznetsova.pdf.

Londar, S., Lytvynchuk, A., & Versal, N.

(2020). Investment in Human Capital Within

the Creative Economy Formation: Case of the

Eastern and Central Europe Countries.

Comparative economic research-Central and

Eastern Europe, 23(4), 129‒148 . DOI:

10.18778/1508-2008.23.31

Melita, D., Erlansyah, D., & Andari, R. (2015).

Pemetaan Industri Kreatif Dalam

Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Kawasan Urban Di Kota Palembang.

Proceding Economic Globalization Trend

and Risk For Developing Country. URL:

http://eprints.binadarma.ac.id/2494/1/FP_20.

pdf.

Mellander, C., Florida, R., Asheim, B. T. and

Gertler, M. S. (2013). The Creative Class

Goes Global. London: Routledge,

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203094945.

Munteanu, A. (2015). The Impact of Human

Capital and Creative Industries on Regional

Growth in Romania. International Journal of

Academic Research in Economics and

Management Sciences, 4(3). DOI:

10.6007/IJAREMS/v4-i3/1797

Sanchez-Serra, D. (2014). Talent and creative

economy in French local labour systems.

Environment and Planning C Government

and Policy, 32(3), 405‒425. DOI:

10.1068/c11152r.

Schultz, H.R. (1995). Grape canopy structure,

light microclimate and photosynthesis. I. A

two-dimensional model of spatial distribution

of surface area densities and leaf ages in two

canopy systems. Vitis 34, 211-215.

Shaulska, L., Karpenko, A., & Doronina, O.

(2021). Drivers of macroeconomic growth in

a creative economy: innovation policy and

human capital. AD ALTA: Journal of

Interdisciplinary Research, 11(1), 178-186

Sutisna, D. M. N, & Saudi, M. H. M. (2018).

Human Capital in Improving Creative

Industrial Performance: A study in the

Creative Industry of Batik Trusmi, Cirebon

District, West Java. International Journal of

Engineering & Technology, 7(4.34),

295‒298.

http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.2529

The Eurostat. (2019a). At-risk-of-poverty rate by

poverty threshold, age and sex – EU-SILC

and ECHP surveys.

Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

/databrowser/view/ilc_li02/default/table?lan

g=en

The Eurostat. (2019b). Culture statistics – 2019

edition. Retrieved from:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-

statistical-books/-/ks-01-19-712

The Eurostat. (2019c). Persons working as

creative and performing artists, authors,

journalists and linguists by

individual and employment characteristics.

Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

/databrowser/view/cult_emp_artpc/default/ta

ble?lang=en

The Eurostat. (2019d). The EU in the worldivin

g conditions. Retrieved from: https://ec.euro

pa.eu/eurostat/statistics-

explained/index.php?title=The_EU_in_the_

world_-

_living_conditions#Social_protection_expen

diture.

Throsby, D. (2008). The concentric circles model

of the cultural industries. Cultural Trends,

17(3), 147–164. DOI:

10.1080/09548960802361951.

356

www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

Throsby, D. (2014) Economics and culture.

United King. Cambridge University Press.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107590106

Versal, N., & Tereshchenko, H. (2020).

Investment in Human Capital Within the

Creative Economy Formation: Case of the

Eastern and Central Europe Countries Article

in Comparative Economic Research. Central

and Eastern Europe. DOI: 10.18778/1508-

2008.23.31.